环保增塑剂二甘醇二苯甲酸酯的合成研究

在对甲苯磺酸催化下、使用环己烷作带水剂,以苯甲酸和二甘醇为原料合成环保增塑剂二甘醇二苯甲酸酯（DEDB）。研究考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量和反应时间等因素对产率的影响。确定了最佳工艺条件：n（苯甲酸）∶n（二甘醇）=2.0∶1.1、催化剂用量（以苯甲酸的摩尔数计）3.0%、环己烷12 mL、回流反应时间8 h,目标产品的产率为98.0%。     

增塑剂三甘醇二异辛酸酯的合成

研究了在实验室条件下,以硫酸、磷酸为催化剂合成三甘醇二异辛酸酯的最佳工艺条件,并初步探讨了SO42-/TiO2和SO42-/Fe2O3固体超强酸催化剂的催化效果.结果表明,硫酸催化的最佳反应条件为:m(硫酸)/m(三甘醇)=1.2%,n(异辛酸)/n(三甘醇)=2.15,反应温度220℃,反应时间6 h,酯化率达到96.3%;磷酸催化的最佳反应条件为:m(磷酸)/m(三甘醇)=3.0%,n(异辛酸)/n(三甘醇)=2.15,反应温度220℃,反应时间7h,酯化率达到95.2%;SO42-/TiO2和SO42-/Fe2O3固体超强酸催化剂也具有较好的催化效果,进一步研究后有望应用于实际工业生产.     

衣康酸二正丁酯的合成工艺研究

以衣康酸和正丁醇为原料，硫酸等为催化剂，对苯二酚为阻聚剂，苯为带水剂进行了衣康酸二正丁酯的合成工艺研究。考察了反应物摩尔配比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂等因索对反应结果的影响，得到了较佳的工艺条件：即n（衣康酸）：n（正丁醇）=1：3（摩尔比），m（衣康酸）：m（硫酸）；1：0.01（质量比），反应温度96～140℃，反应时间4h，产品收率和纯度分别达到98．7％和99．7％。     

活性炭负载钛酸四丁酯催化合成二甘醇二苯甲酸酯

以活性炭负载钛酸四丁酯[Ti(OBu)4/AC]为催化剂,用于催化合成二甘醇二苯甲酸酯（DEDB）。通过实验确定了合成DEDB的适宜工艺条件：n(BA)∶n(DEG) = 2∶1、催化剂用量为1.25%,带水剂用量为20.0%,反应温度为200℃,反应时间为7h,该反应条件下酯化率可达98.1%。催化重复使用实验表明该催化剂具有良好的稳定性。同时建立了该酯化合成的表观动力学模型,得到反应速率方程为：rA=6.28× 109exp CACB。     

二甘醇单丁醚的制备

采用改进的Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓｏｎ合成反应方法，以二甘醇、氯丁烷及固碱为原料，一步法合成二甘醇单丁醚。就影响醚化反应收率各因素：原料配比、反应温度、反应时间以及催化剂用量进行了探讨，得到最佳的操作条件分别为：ｎ（二甘醇）：ｎ（氯乙烷）＝５．０￣６．０：１．０、反应温度：７０￣１００℃、反应时间：７￣９ｈ、ｎ（氯乙烷）：ｎ（固碱）＝１．０：１．２，在此条件下收率可达８５．５％。     

二甘醇二苯甲酸酯的催化合成研究

以苯甲酸和二甘醇为原料,二(乙酰丙酮基)钛酸二丁酯为催化剂,通过酯化合成二甘醇二苯甲酸酯(DEDB),探索了增塑剂DEDB的最佳合成工艺条件,并通过FT-IR、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对合成产物进行了结构分析。研究结果表明:反应原料酸醇摩尔比为2∶1.1、带水剂用量为苯甲酸质量含量的18%、催化剂用量为苯甲酸质量含量的3.0%,反应温度为180℃,反应时间为5h,酯化率达到98.2%。     

玻璃珠载固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2催化合成二甘醇二苯甲酸酯

以玻璃珠为载体,制备了固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2催化剂,用于催化合成二甘醇二苯甲酸酯(DEDB)。通过实验确定了合成DEDB的适宜工艺条件:回流温度为165~170℃,m(甲苯)/m(二甘醇)=0.5,n(苯甲酸)/n(二甘醇)=2.2,m(催化剂)/m(二甘醇)=0.5,反应时间4 h,在该条件下,酯化率可达99.6%。该催化剂经过10次重复使用,活性每次平均下降2.9%。     

增塑剂二甘醇二苯甲酸酯的合成工艺研究

运用条件实验法,以苯甲酰氯和二甘醇为原料合成增塑剂二甘醇二苯甲酸酯,研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。实验得到的最佳工艺条件是:反应温度100℃、反应时间5h,二甘醇与苯甲酰氯的物质的量比为0.1∶0.21,二甘醇二苯甲酸酯的产品收率可达97.68%以上,产品纯度大于99.5%。     

固体酸催化合成增塑剂三甘醇二异辛酸酯

采用固体酸为催化剂,研究了在实验室条件下,由异辛酸和三甘醇反应合成增塑剂三甘醇二异辛酸酯的最佳工艺;探讨了催化剂用量与反应温度等因素对反应的影响.结果表明:n(醇):n(酸)为2.15,固体酸催化剂质量分数0.05％(基于反应物总质量),反应温度230℃,反应时间5h,酯化反应较完全.气相色谱测得酯含量为97.6％,产品主要质量指标良好.     

固载杂多酸催化剂PW_（12）／SiO_2复相催化合成二苯甲酸二甘醇酯

用自行研制的固载杂多酸催化剂ＰＷ１２／ＳｉＯ２复相催化酯化合成增塑剂二苯甲酸二甘醇酯（ＤＢＤＥ）。通过正交试验确定最佳工艺条件为：苯甲酸２５ｇ，二甘醇１２．０ｍｌ，带水剂甲苯１８ｍｌ，催化剂１．２５ｇ，反应温度（１３２±１）℃；反应时间３ｈ，在此条件下酯化率可达９９．８％。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。