A single-chip multimode receiver for GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, and WCDMA

A single-chip, multimode receiver for GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, and UTRA/FDD WCDMA is introduced in this paper. The receiver operates at four different radio frequencies with two different baseband bandwidths. The presented chip uses a direct-conversion architecture and consists of a low-noise amplifier (LNA), downconversion mixers with on-chip local-oscillator I/Q generation, channel selection filters, and programmable gain amplifiers. In spite of four receive bands, only four on-chip inductors are used in the single-ended LNA. The repeatable receiver second-order input intercept point (IIP2) of over +42 dBm is achieved with mixer linearization circuitry together with a baseband circuitry having approximately +100-dBV out-of-band IIP2. The noise figure of the SiGe BiCMOS receiver is less than 4.8 dB in all GSM modes, and 3.5 dB in WCDMA. The power consumption from a 2.7-V supply in all GSM modes and in WCDMA mode is 42 and 50 mW, respectively. The silicon area is 9.8 mm/sup 2/ including the bonding pads.     

A 2.7-V 900-MHz CMOS LNA and mixer

A CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer for RF front-end applications are described. A current reuse technique is described that increases amplifier transconductance for the LNA and mixer without increasing power dissipation, compared to standard topologies. At 900 MHz, the LNA minimum noise figure (NF) is 1.9 dB, input third-order intercept point (IIP3) is -3.2 dBm and forward gain is 15.6 dB. With a 1-GHz local oscillator (LO) and a 900-MHz RF input, the mixer minimum double sideband noise figure (DSB NF) is 5.8 dB, IIP3 is -4.1 dBm, and power conversion gain is 8.8 dB. The LNA and mixer, respectively, consume 20 mW and 7 mW from a 2.7 V power supply. The active areas of the LNA and mixer are 0.7 mm×0.4 mm and 0.7 mm×0.2 mm, respectively. The prototypes were fabricated in a 0.5-μm CMOS process     

An 800-MHz–6-GHz Software-Defined Wireless Receiver in 90-nm CMOS

A software-defined radio receiver is designed from a low-power ADC perspective, exploiting programmability of windowed integration sampler and clock-programmable discrete-time analog filters. To cover the major frequency bands in use today, a wideband RF front-end, including the low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a wide tuning-range synthesizer, spanning over 800 MHz to 6 GHz is designed. The wideband LNA provides 18-20 dB of maximum gain and 3-3.5 dB of noise figure over 800 MHz to 6 GHz. A low 1/f noise and high-linearity mixer is designed which utilizes the passive mixer core properties and provides around +70 dBm IIP2 over the bandwidth of operation. The entire receiver circuits are implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology. Programmability of the receiver is tested for GSM and 802.11g standards     

Tunable wideband SAW-less receiver front-end in 65 nm CMOS

A surface acoustic wave-less receiver front-end for GSM, TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA standards featuring a novel low noise amplifier (LNA) architecture and harmonic rejection technique is presented. The two-stage LNA uses capacitive feedback in the first stage for wideband input matching. It can operate from 500 MHz up to 2.5 GHz with an S₁₁ below ?15 dB. The harmonic rejection mixer structure operates using two- and four-phase local oscillator signals and is capable of achieving a high harmonic rejection over a wide channel bandwidth. The average harmonic rejection is above 60 dB measured over a 20 MHz LTE channel and above 70 dB over a GSM channel. The mixer structure contains digitally tunable resistor and capacitor banks for precise tuning, causing the peak harmonic rejection in the channel to exceed 80 dB. The precise tuning capability ensures good harmonic rejection in the presence of process mismatch and duty cycle mismatch. The 1-dB received signal compression point with a blocker present at 20/80 MHz offset for low-/high-band is 0 and +2 dBm, respectively. In-band IIP3, and IIP2 are ?14.8 and >49 dBm, respectively, for low-band. For high-band they are ?18.2 and >44 dBm. Implemented in 65 nm CMOS, the complete front-end consumes 80 mW of power.     

一个双频带可重构的直接变频接收机射频前端

A dual-band reconfigurable wireless receiver RF front-end is presented, which is based on the directconversion principle and consists of a low noise amplifer （LNA） and a down-converter. By utilizing a compact switchable on-chip symmetrical inductor, the RF front-end could be switched between two operation frequency bands without extra die area cost. This RF front-end has been implemented in the 180 nm CMOS process and the measured results show that the front-end could provide a gain of 25 dB and IIP3 of 6 dBm at 2.2 GHz, and a gain of 18.8 dB and IIP3 of 7.3 dBm at 4.5 GHz. The whole front-end consumes 12 mA current at 1.2 V voltage supply for the LNA and 2.1 mA current at 1.8 V for the mixer, with a die area of 1.2 × 1 mm^2.     

一种带有改进的25%占空比本振产生电路的WCDMA/GSM高线性度接收机射频前端分析与设计

本文提出了一种满足WCDMA/GSM系统要求的全集成接收机射频前端。WCDMA模式下无需声表面波滤波器。为了提高包括IP3和IP2指标在内的线性度性能,射频前端包括电容减敏的多栅低噪声放大器、带有本文提出的IP2校准电路的电流模式无源混频器以及似Tow-Thomas结构的双二阶可重构跨阻放大器。本文提出了一种新的低功耗、低相噪、可产生四相25%占空比本振信号的多模分频器。同时,本文通过采用带有片上电阻的恒定gm偏置电路,减小工艺和温度对转换增益的影响。本文中的射频前端电路集成在一个0.13um CMOS工艺下实现的带有片上频率综合器的接收机中。测试结果显示,在这个高线性度射频前端的帮助下,对于所有的模式和频带,接收机可以获得-6dBm的IIP3和至少 60dBm的IIP2。     

A 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS front-end, for DCS1800/UMTS/802.11b-g with multiband positive feedback low-noise amplifier

This paper presents a fully integrated CMOS receiver front-end based on a direct conversion architecture for UMTS/802.11b-g and a low-IF architecture at 100 kHz for DCS1800. The two key building blocks are a multiband low-noise amplifier (LNA) that uses positive feedback to improve its gain and a highly linear mixer. The front-end, integrated in a 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS process, exhibits a minimum noise figure of 5.2 dB, a programmable gain that can be varied from 13.5 to 28.5 dB, an IIP3 of more than -7.5 dBm and an IIP2 better than 50 dBm. The total current consumption is 20mA from a 1.2V supply.     

A 0.18μm CMOS gain-switched LNA and mixer with large dynamic range

A 2.4GHz 0.18μm CMOS gain-switched single-end Low Noise Amplifier （LNA） and a passive mixer with no external balun for near-zero-IF （Intermediate Frequency）/RF （Radio Frequency） applications are described. The LNA, fabricated in the 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS technology, adopts a gain-switched technique to increase the linearity and enlarge the dynamic range. The mixer is an IQ-based passive topology. Measurements of the CMOS chip are performed on the FR-4 PCB and the input is matched to 50Ω. Combining LNA and mixer, the front-end measured performances in high gain state are： -15dB of Sll, 18.5dB of voltage gain, 4.6dB of noise figure, 15dBm of IIP3, 85dBm to -10dBm dynamic range. The full circuit drains 6mA from a 1.8V supply.     

一种适用于GSM/WCDMA的高线性度滤波器及带有消除直流偏置的可变增益放大器

采用SMIC 0.35μm CMOS混合信号工艺,实现了同时适用于GSM/WCDMA的完整的基带.基带由双模的高线性度的四阶切比雪夫形式的有源RC低通滤波器以及三级可变增益放大器构成.滤波器的设计同时满足GSM和WCDMA的带宽性能并且为降低制造成本在两种模式下具有最大的元件共享度.基带由于插入了高通滤波器具有滤除直流的功能,并且为了优化GSM模式下的功耗,运放的带宽做成可调.在最大增益情况下测得的噪声系数在GSM和WCDMA模式下分别为42和27.3dBm.在单位增益的情况下,WCDMA模式下的IIP3为40dBm,功耗为47.0mW;在GSM模式下,IIP3为28dBm,功耗为31.8mW.电源电压为3.3V.     

A 0.18μm CMOS GAIN-SWITCHED LNA AND MIXER WITH LARGE DYNAMIC RANGE

A 2.4GHz 0.18μm CMOS gain-switched single-end Low Noise Amplifier(LNA) and a passive mixer with no external balun for near-zero-IF(Intermediate Frequency)/RF(Radio Frequency) applications are described.The LNA,fabricated in the 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS technology,adopts a gain-switched technique to increase the linearity and enlarge the dynamic range.The mixer is an IQ-based passive topology.Measurements of the CMOS chip are performed on the FR-4 PCB and the input is matched to 50Ω.Combining LNA and mixer,the front...     

A highly linear receiver front-end employing modified derivative superposition method with tuned inductors for 5.25 GHz

We design a highly linear CMOS RF receiver front-end operating in the 5 GHz band using the modified derivative superposition (DS) method with one- or two-tuned inductors in the low noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer. This method can be used to adjust the magnitude and phase of the third-order currents at output, and thus ensure that they cancel each other out. We characterize the two front-ends by the third-order input intercept point (IIP3), voltage conversion gain, and a noise figure based on the TSMC 0.18 μm RF CMOS process. Our simulation results suggest that the front-end with one-tuned inductor in the mixer supports linearization with the DS method, which only sacrifices 1.9 dB of IIP3 while the other performance parameters are improved. Furthermore, the front-end with two-tuned inductors requires a precise optimum design point, because it has to adjust two inductances simultaneously for optimization. If the inductances have deviated from the optimum design point, the front-end with two-tuned inductors has worse IIP3 characteristic than the front-end with one-tuned inductor. With two-tuned inductors, the front-end has an IIP3 of 5.3 dBm with a noise figure (NF) of 4.7 dB and a voltage conversion gain of 23.1 dB. The front-end with one-tuned inductor has an IIP3 of 3.4 dBm with an NF of 4.4 dB and a voltage conversion gain of 24.5 dB. There is a power consumption of 9.2 mA from a 1.5 V supply.     

Single-Ended and Differential Ka-Band BiCMOS Phased Array Front-Ends

Single-ended and differential phased array front-ends are developed for Ka-band applications using a 0.12 mum SiGe BiCMOS process. The phase shifters are based on CMOS switched delay networks and have 22.5deg phase resolution and <4deg rms phase error at 35 GHz, and can handle +10 dBm of RF power (P_1dB) with a 3rd order intermodulation intercept point (IIP3) of +21 dBm. For the single-ended design, a SiGe low noise amplifier is placed before the CMOS phase shifter, and the LNA/phase shifter results in 11 plusmn 1.5 dB gain and <3.4 dB of noise figure (NF), for a total power consumption of only 11 mW. For the differential front-end, a variable gain LNA is also developed and shows 9-20 dB gain and <1deg rms phase imbalance between the eight different gain states. The differential variable gain LNA/phase shifter consumes 33 mW, and results in 10 + 1.3 dB gain and 3.8 dB of NF. The gain variation is reduced to 9.1 plusmn 0.45 dB with the variable gain function applied. The single-ended and differential front-ends occupy a small chip area, with a size of 350 times 800 mum² and 350 times 950 mum2, respectively, excluding pads. These chips are competitive with GaAs and InP designs, and are building blocks for low-cost millimeter-wave phased array front-ends based on silicon technology.     

A low power direct conversion receiver RF front-end with high in-band IIP2/IIP3 and low 1/f noise

A low power direct-conversion receiver RF front-end with high in-band IIP2/IIP3 and low 1/f noise is presented. The front-end includes the differential low noise amplifier, the down-conversion mixer, the LO buffer, the IF buffer and the bandgap reference. A modified common source topology is used as the input stages of the down-conversion mixer (and the LNA) to improve IIP2 of the receiver RF front-end while maintaining high IIP3. A shunt LC network is inserted into the common-source node of the switching pairs in the down-conversion mixer to absorb the parasitic capacitance and thus improve IIP2 and lower down the 1/f noise of the down-conversion mixer. The direct-conversion receiver RF front-end has been implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS process. The measured results show that the 2 GHz receiver RF front-end achieves +33 dBm in-band IIP2, 21 dB power gain, 6.2 dB NF and −2.3 dBm in-band IIP3 while only drawing 6.7 mA current from a 1.8 V power supply.     

A 1.5-V multi-mode quad-band RF receiver for GSM/EDGE/CDMA2K in 90-nm digital CMOS process

A single chip quad-band multi-mode (GSM900/ DCS1800/PCS1900/CDMA2K) direct-conversion RF receiver with integrated baseband ADCs is presented. The fully integrated RF receiver is implemented in a 90-nm single poly, six level metal, standard digital CMOS process with no additional analog and RF components. The highly digital multi-mode receiver uses minimum analog filtering and AGC stages, digitizing useful signal, dynamic DC offsets and blockers at the mixer output. The direct-conversion GSM front-end utilizes resistive loaded LNAs with only two coupled inductors per LNA. The GSM front-end achieves a 31.5 dB gain and a 2.1 dB integrated noise figure with a 5 dB noise figure under blocking conditions. The CDMA2K front-end utilizes a self-biased common-gate input amplifier followed by passive mixers, achieving wideband input matching from 900 MHz up to 2.1 GHz with an IIP3 of +8 dBm. The GSM receiver consumes 38 mA from a power supply of 1.5 V and CDMA2K receiver consumes 16 mA in the low band and 21 mA in the high band. The multi-mode receiver, including LO buffers and frequency dividers, ADCs, and reference buffers, occupies 2.5 mm/sup 2/.     

3．1～10．6GHz超宽带低噪声放大器的设计

基于SIMC0．18μmRFCMOS工艺技术,设计了可用于3．1—10．6GHzMB—OFDM超宽带接收机射频前端的CMOS低噪声放大器（LNA）。该LNA采用三级结构：第一级是共栅放大器,主要用来进行输入端的匹配;第二级是共源共栅放大器,用来在低频段提供较高的增益;第三级依然为共源共栅结构,用来在高频段提供较高的增益,从而补偿整个频带的增益使得增益平坦度更好。仿真结果表明：在电源电压为1．8v的条件下,所设计的LNA在3．1～10．6GHz的频带范围内增益（521）为20dB左右,具有很好的增益平坦性f±0．4dB）,回波损耗S11、S22均小于-10dB,噪声系数为4．5dB左右,IIP3为-5dBm,PIdB为0dBm。     

增益可控CMOS低噪声放大器

设计了采用SMIC0.18μm RF CMOS工艺的共源共栅NMOS结构的增益可变的差动式低噪声放大器。在考虑了ESD保护pad和封装寄生效应后,着重对低噪声放大器的输入阻抗匹配、增益以及共源共栅级联结构下的噪声系数、线性度等进行了一系列分析,并提出了优化措施。芯片测试结果表明:在1.56GHz中心频率下,-3dB带宽约为150MHz,输出最大电压增益为27dB,此时噪声系数NF约为2.33dB,IIP3约为4.0dBm,可变增益范围为7dB。在3.3V电源电压下消耗电流8.2mA。此设计方法可以应用到诸如GSM、GPS等无线接收机系统中。     

A 5-GHz radio front-end with automatically Q-tuned notch filter and VCO

A low-voltage receiver front-end for 5-GHz radio applications is presented. The receiver consists of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) with notch filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and a mixer. The LNA/notch filter has an automatic Q-tuning circuit integrated with it to provide good image rejection. On-chip transformers are used extensively in the receiver to improve performance and facilitate low-voltage operation. The receiver has a gain of 19.8 dB, noise figure of 4.5 dB, a third-order input intercept point (IIP3) of -11.5 dBm, and an image rejection of 59 dB, and the VCO had a phase noise of -116 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset.     

Low-noise amplifiers for WCDMA base-station receivers

This paper focuses on the design and measurements of low-noise amplifiers (LNA) targeted for WCDMA base-station applications. In addition, various gain control techniques and the accuracy in noise measurements have been analyzed. Two different LNA designs are presented. Both LNAs can be operated in two gain modes, which are optimized for different base-station configurations. Both designs are implemented using the same 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS process, and both designs achieve the NF of 1 dB and IIP3 of ?5 dBm in high gain mode.     

RF front-end of direct conversion receiver RFIC for cdma-2000

We report on the front-end of a highly integrated dual-band direct-conversion receiver IC for cdma-2000 mobile handset applications. The RF front-end included a CELL-band low-noise amplifier (LNA), dual-band direct-conversion quadrature I/Q down-converters, and a local-oscillator (LO) signal generation circuit. At 2.7 V, the LNA had a noise figure of 1.2 dB and input third-order intermodulation product (IIP3) of 9 dBm. I/Q down-converters had a noise figure of 4-5 dB and IIP3 of 4-5 dBm and IIP2 of 55 dBm. An on-chip phase-locked loop and external voltage-controlled oscillator generated the LO signal. The receiver RFIC was implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process and meets or exceeds all cdma-2000 requirements when tested individually or on a handset.     

用于IEEE802．11b／g WLAN直接下变频接收机的射频前端设计

介绍了一种应用于IEEE802．11b／g无线局域网接收机射频前端的设计。基于直接下变频的系统架构。接收机集成了低噪声放大器、I／Q下变频器、去直流偏移滤波器、基带放大器和信道选择滤波器。电路采用TSMC0．18μm CMOS工艺设计,工作在2．4GHz ISM（工业、科学和医疗）频段,实现的低噪声放大器噪声系数为0．84dB,增益为16dB,S11低于-15dB,功耗为13mW;I／Q下变频器电压增益为2dB,输入1dB压缩点为-1 dBm,噪声系数为13dB,功耗低于10mw。整个接收机射频前端仿真得到的噪声系数为3．5dB,IIP3为-8dBm,IP2大于30dBm,电压增益为31dB,功耗为32mW。