Research on Urban Carbon Emission Inventory and Its Application in Planning

This paper systematically reviewed related studies on urban carbon emission inventory, and especially analyzed current studies on the urban greenhouse gas inventory in China. Through comparative studies of four cases, it systematically discusses the application of urban carbon emission inventory in low carbon urban planning as a response to climate change, it thus concluded that city planners in China have duty-bound obligations and responsibilities to apply low carbon ideas into urban and regional planning, and the in-depth study on greenhouse gas emission inventory is undoubtedly of great significance and scientific value to mitigate climate change.     

城市碳排放清单及其规划应用研究

本文系统地综述了城市碳排放清单的研究,尤其对中国城市温室气体清单研究现状进行了分析,并通过四个案例就城市规划师应对气候变化的低碳城市规划如何应用城市碳排放清单进行了比较系统研究,文章认为：中国城市规划师将低碳理念引入城市规划领域也成为责无旁贷的义务和责任,深入研究城市温室气体排放清单对减缓气候变化无疑具有十分重要的意义和科学价值。     

低碳导向的城市空间布局规划技术探索

文章从城市空间布局关键要素与碳排放关系的入手,进行城市空间布局规划与碳排放的相关性分析研究,并以广州海珠生态城为例,针对城市规划涉及的土地利用、交通组织、设施与建筑布局等方面,提出绿地碳汇网络、公共交通导向开发、土地混合使用、街区尺度控制、公共服务设施均衡布局、地下空间利用、结合气候的建筑布局等规划技术,从空间布局的角度探索适合特大城市中心区进行碳减排的有效途径和方法。     

An analysis to understand how the shape of a concrete residential building influences its embodied energy and embodied carbon

The built environment is recognized as a major hotspot of resource use and environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment( LCA) has been increasingly used to assess the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings and a new trend is characterized by the application of LCA to larger systems such as neighborhoods during early design phases. Assessing urban development projects at the master-planning stage raises the issue of inventory data collection,especially for building materials which are reported to account for about 20%of primary energy consumption in buildings,and up to 45% of associated greenhouse gas emissions. Urban planners focus on the urban morphology and little information is know n about the buildings characteristics apart from their general shape. This paper proposes a simplified model for the assessment of buildings embodied energy and embodied carbon in relation w ith urban planners' design levers. The model relies on the decomposition of buildings into functional elements in order to be sensitive to the shape of the buildings. A detailed sensitivity analysis and contribution analysis of the model is conducted on two types of generic building forms,in order to investigate the influence of parameters relating to shape on the embodied energy and embodied carbon of a building. The sensitivity analysis show s that the parameters relating to shape( such as the dimension of the buildings) are more influential on the embodied energy and embodied carbon per square meter of building than the ones relating to the elements themselves( such as the wall thickness). The contribution analysis also brings evidence of the relation betw een the compactness factor and the embodied energy and embodied carbon of a building.     

Governance of Urban Green Open Space for Responding to Climate Change

In the global actions to address climate change, urban open green space is one of the main spatial objects that can be used to effectively mitigate greenhouse gases and to promote the implementation of climate adaptive policies. From a global perspective, this paper firstly analyzes the governance strategies and cooperation mechanisms of urban open green space as responding to climate change in European countries. Then, taking the Central City of Beijing as a case, the paper explores its urban thermal environment, distribution of urban open green space, and climate governance operation based on the specific conditions in China. Further, with the digital technologies of GIS and RS, it analyzes the nature and related governance demands of urban open green space and then divides the Central City of Beijing into four governance zones, following which this paper discusses the climate policy strategies and implementation approaches of each governance zone.     

法兰克福绿带体系规划历程与更新策略

绿带作为管理城市空间发展的有效手段,在多个国家得以成功实践。首先对绿带的发展进行了基础研究,在此基础上,以法兰克福绿带体系规划历程为研究内容,紧密结合绿带与城市发展的关系,从历史的角度探索法兰克福不同城市发展阶段所采取的绿带规划方法。介绍以绿带促进城市转型、保护历史遗产的成功经验和以绿带控制城市扩张、构建城市开放空间系统、提供多功能城市服务的规划策略。通过分析法兰克福绿带的发展过程与成功经验,认识到中国绿带建设的不足,为中国已有绿带更新和新的绿带建设提供参考。     

绿色城市更新:新时代城市发展的重要方向

城市更新是一个永恒的议题,并在国家发展阶段有其特定的历史任务。在新时代生态文明建设的背景下,绿色城市更新必将成为城市发展的重要方向。本文通过发现绿色城市更新的时代价值,分析我国绿色城市更新在"点"、"线"、"面"上的既往探索及现实挑战,结合绿色城市更新的国际动向,提出"十四五"时期有关绿色城市更新的若干建议。包括:(1)绿色城市更新规划先行;(2)建设绿色基础设施网络;(3)探索绿色零碳社区更新;(4)创新绿色城市更新机制,探索增存挂钩"绿色折抵"、绿色全生命周期管理等新路径。     

论城市绿色空间的集成管理——以广州为例

伴随中国城市化和城市空间拓展的快速进程,城市绿色空间的规划、建设和管理问题的研究对象已从城市公园绿地等狭义内涵扩展至更广泛的范围。在现行管理机制之下,由于各责任部门缺乏协调和明确分工,城市绿色空间的建设和管理效果难以与城市社会经济迅速发展的要求相适应。集成管理是上世纪90年代以来发展起来的一种对多要素公共空间资源进行有效管理的先进理念。本文将在介绍集成管理的基本理念和分析我国城市绿色空间管理模式的基础上,以广州的实践为例讨论对城市绿色空间实施集成管理的方式与效果,进而提出以城市总体规划为平台完善城市绿色空间集成管理模式的建议。     

Images of Green Landscapes in Huadu District,Guangzhou City

Urban landscape, as an important part of the overall landscape or the overall image of the city, is of great significance in highlighting city features, building green cities, and improving city image, so image of green spaces has become one of the key construction objectives for many cities. Taking Huadu District in Guangzhou City for example, urban green landscape pattern was analyzed from the level of region and district, according to the landscape ecology. The results showed that local green landscapes had many problems such as unreasonable structure, high fragmentation, unbalanced distribution of green space types, poor corridor networks etc.. In view of these problems, countermeasures for improving green landscape images in Huadu District were proposed.     

温室气体清单在城乡规划建设管理中的应用

城市温室气体清单是重要的,可以提供具体制定应对气候变化问题政策的客观科学基础。本文阐述城市编制温室气体排放清单的重要性,回顾目前在地方区域的温室气体排放清单研究工作,讨论它们对地方政府制定应对气候变化政策的应用局限。再指出可以按城乡规划管理体系为平台,把国家温室气体排放清单框架进一步深化,建立一个按低碳城市发展政策手段和治理职能匹配的清单框架,并考虑到空间边界对排放量计算的问题。城乡规划管理作为协调城市地域内经济、社会活动和土地、资源使用、基建等元素的法定平台,需要按规划编制温室气体排放情景,加强城乡规划应对气候变化政策效用和操作性。最后建议在此理念和初步研究成果上,进一步开展未来的工作。     

Estimating and mitigating agriculture GHG emissions: uncertainties and policy reforms

Global climate change has been one of the challenging environmental concerns facing policy makers in the past decade. The characterization of the wide range of greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks as well as their behavior in the atmosphere remains an on‐going activity in many countries. Lebanon, being a signatory to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, is required to submit and regularly update a national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions sources and removals. Accordingly, an inventory of greenhouse gases from various sectors was conducted following the guidelines set by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The inventory indicated that the agriculture sector contributes about seven percent to the total greenhouse gas emissions. This paper proposes mitigation scenarios to reduce emissions from this sector based on country‐specific technical, economic and environmental characteristics. Economic evaluation and uncertainty in the emission estimation process as well as policy reforms are also addressed in the context of agricultural emissions reduction.     

关于江苏省建筑节能和绿色建筑示范城区建设的思考——以徐州市新城区为例

随着社会发展和人民生活水平的提高,建筑能耗迅猛增长,建筑节能已成为当前我国节能降耗的重点工程之一。也是国家绿色建筑行动方案的重点任务,文章以徐州市新城区为例,阐述了建设建筑节能和绿色建筑示范城区的先进经验,以稳步推进徐州市新城区的建筑节能、绿色建筑等各项事业全面发展,并对其他同类城区区域的建设有一定的启示。     

从绿色建筑体系视角浅谈生态城市规划建设

绿色建筑体系是生态城市建设的核心内容之一,但目前绿色建筑体系难以有效的应用在城市生态规划建设中,无法充分发挥其节能低碳的价值。本文通过借鉴绿色建筑体系的四大特点,总结出生态城市建设中绿色开放空间网络、分布式能源系统、土地开发模式、城市规划管理等四个方面的应对之道。希望能为城市生态规划思路提供研究依据,为建设实施提出方向。     

社会公平视角下广州市城市公园可达性研究

基于中国市场经济转型与住宅市场急剧分化的背景,城市绿色空间的社会公平问题成为亟待研究的重要议题。选取广州作为案例城市,从人口统计学特征、社会经济地位和社会空间结构这3个维度划分目标人群并进行相关性分析。针对不同社会群体公园可达性的空间格局,采用空间集聚分析评估其相似性和差异性,并利用独立样本检验评判人口特征与公园可达性的相关性,从社会公平的视角揭示城市公园的空间不均衡和社会空间分异之间的关系。研究表明,低收入群体在公园可达性方面并不像预想中的那样处于劣势地位,城市绿色空间规划策略取得了良好的成效。然而低端从业者仍然是公园资源统筹调配过程中的弱势群体,需要给予更多关注。     

Green building standards as socio-technical actors in municipal environmental policy

Methods for the environmental assessment and certification of ‘green’ buildings are increasingly being adopted by local governments and other entities as a means of meeting environmental, and often energy-related, goals. Literature on building environmental assessment has examined how these tools are interpreted by stakeholders in design and construction, but less attention has been paid to their interpretation and usage as objects of policy – despite this being a channel through which they have a potentially huge impact. Based on a case study of the emergence of green building in Israel, and drawing on socio-technical literatures, this paper explores the meanings attributed to building environmental assessment in the policy context. It finds that these meanings include a platform for divergent environmental goals and a proxy measure for greenhouse gas abatement. The analysis suggests that for policy-makers, the significance of green building lies not in its constituting a set of environmental benchmarks but as a standard that gains currency as a black-boxed policy object. An open discussion is needed on the various logics driving the use of green building tools in public policy, and what they hope to achieve.     

The diffusion over time and space of energy efficiency in building

Awareness of global warming and the extent of greenhouse gas emissions have focused more attention upon energy efficiency in building. Moreover, the inventory of “green” office space in the United States has increased dramatically since the introduction of rating schemes that attest to the energy efficiency or sustainability of commercial buildings. In some metropolitan areas, the supply of certified office buildings has more than doubled in the last decade, and there are a few metropolitan areas where “green” office space now accounts for more than a quarter of the total office stock. In this paper, we analyze the diffusion of buildings certified for energy efficiency across US property markets. Using a panel of 48 metropolitan areas observed over the last fifteen years, we trace the diffusion of green building practices across the country. We then model the geographic patterns and dynamics of building certification, relating industry composition, changes in economic conditions, characteristics of the local commercial property market, and the presence of human capital, to the cross-sectional variation in energy-efficient building technologies and the diffusion of those technologies over time. Understanding the determinants and the rate at which energy-efficient building practices diffuse over space and time is important for designing policies to affect resource consumption in the built environment.     

Construction of Green Ecological Corridor and Vertical Greening of Building Facades in Zhengzhou City

Development of a city depends largely on its transportation, and road construction reveals development skeletons of the city. With the aggravation of city pollution, construction of ecological corridor has been put on the agenda of urban ecological construction, against this background, "2 rings and 17 radial lines" of Zhengzhou City were planned. This paper analyzed the plan from the perspectives of role of urban green corridor, planning principle, characteristic building and greening of building facade, and exploration of green corridors integrating pathways, bikeways, bus harbors and green island gas station.     

城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究

随着对城市公共安全的重视和相关规划研究的展开,出现了一些与城市绿地防灾避灾功能相关的定义、概念,但还没有统一的标准或共识。对城市避灾绿地从概念、规划定位、选址要求、体系构建等方面进行了探讨,提出应从城市应急避难场所体系的高度评价城市绿地的避灾能力,并对避灾绿地服务半径的合理确定、建设时限、容量计算等问题提出了见解,力图从新的角度审视、指导今后公园的改造和建设,真正实现公园平时与灾时的功能转换。     

高校老旧社区与周边社区共治关系及边界重构方式研究——以华工东住宅小区为例

在存量规划背景下,中国城市更新进入品质化提升、多方治理的新阶段,而高校老旧社区与周边社区之间的割裂状态则与之背道而驰。以广州市天河区华南理工大学东住宅小区与相邻的五山花园小区边界围栏上出现的“洞”为研究对象,通过测量、跟踪调查、问卷、访谈,从使用需求、管理模式、支持政策3个维度探究“洞”产生的原因,进而提出理解管理机制、搭建共治平台、设定分期目标3条途径,推动两社区间多元共治、边界重构,完善社区生活圈,实现资源共享。     

“巨型城市”的不宜居性

当前,我国的城市建设处在"巨型化"和"宜居化"平行发展时期."巨型化"不等同于"宜居化".北京、上海、广州等"巨型城市"在交通、建筑密度、人口密度、治安等方面存在的问题,反映出了城市的不宜居.应提倡建设宜居小城市,将"宜居小城市"纳入我国城镇发展战略和城镇建设目标之中.