降亚硝酸盐乳酸菌的鉴定及生长特性的研究

从传统发酵食品中分离乳酸菌,筛选鉴定降解亚硝酸盐能力较强的菌株,并研究其在白菜汁培养基中的生长及产酸情况,为制作泡菜发酵剂储备优良菌株。结果分离了144株乳酸菌,并获得5株亚硝酸盐降解率在99%以上的菌株,经鉴定菌株Mao21.1和Mao6.2为戊糖乳杆菌,Wang3.1和Mao20.1为植物乳杆菌,Lin2.4为戊糖片球菌。5株菌在白菜汁培养基中生长4h后,各菌株培养液的pH均快速下降;培养20h后,除菌株Mao21.1外,其他菌株培养液pH均降到3.5以下;对数生长末期菌株Mao6.2和Lin2.4活菌数达到108cfu/mL,该两株菌可作为制作泡菜发酵剂的储备菌株。     

干酪乳杆菌11MZ-5-1发酵酸菜化学成分及细菌多样性分析

以分离自酸菜发酵液的干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）11MZ-5-1为发酵剂,构建酸菜发酵微生物生态系统研究模型,利用高效液相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析L. casei 11MZ-5-1发酵酸菜中风味物质及菌群分布情况。结果表明L. casei 11MZ-5-1发酵酸菜总酸含量较高,亚硝酸盐含量较低,甘油、甘露醇、2,3-丁二醇、VC等有益代谢产物产量分别为（0.36±0.03）、（13.82±0.42）、（0.22±0.02）g/L和（445±13.23）mg/kg,挥发性风味物质的相对含量为（91.13±4.29）%,均高于自然发酵酸菜（P＜0.05）,安全性、营养价值更高,风味物质含量丰富、感官品质更优。此外,L. casei 11MZ-5-1发酵酸菜微生物多样性低于自然发酵酸菜（P＜0.05）,且在整个发酵过程中,L. casei始终保持优势地位。研究结果不仅展现了L. casei 11MZ-5-1在酸菜发酵工业生产中的应用前景,还有助于酸菜生产工艺监控和质量标准的建立。     

副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7发酵酸菜与商品酸菜代谢物比较与品质评价

以分离自酸菜发酵液的副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)HD1.7为发酵剂,构建酸菜发酵微生物生态系统研究模型,利用高效液相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析L.paracasei HD1.7发酵酸菜、自然发酵酸菜及8种商品酸菜中有机酸、酸度、亚硝酸盐、VC、甘油、乙醇、甘露醇、2,3-丁二醇及挥发性风味成分的差别。结果表明:不同酸菜样品中有机酸含量与酸度正相关,黑大酸菜、L.paracasei HD1.7发酵酸菜和袁滋袁味酸菜有机酸含量较高,分别为(13.21±0.13)、(13.20±0.17)、(13.13±0.13)g/L。此外,黑大酸菜、L.paracasei HD1.7发酵酸菜、边府记酸菜中不仅亚硝酸盐含量显著低于其他供试酸菜,VC含量显著高于其他供试酸菜(P0.05),安全性、营养价值更高,而且风味物质含量丰富、感官品质更优。研究结果有助于酸菜生产工艺监控和质量标准建立,对酸菜质量稳定性的提高和产业发展水平的提升具有实践指导意义;同时展现了L.paracasei HD1.7在酸菜发酵的工业生产中的应用前景。     

商业发酵剂对发酵香肠成熟过程中理化性质的影响

采用SBM-52、SHI-59、VBM-60复合型商业发酵剂生产发酵香肠,以不添加发酵剂作为对照组,在成熟第0、1、4、7、10天检测4 组香肠的pH值、非蛋白氮（non-protein nitrogen,NPN）含量、酸价、亚硝酸盐含量、水分活度（water activity,aw）、色差等理化指标的变化,考察不同商业发酵剂对发酵香肠成熟过程中理化品质的影响。结果表明：成熟终点时,4 组发酵香肠的pH值均小于5.0,亚硝酸盐含量低于30 mg/kg,充分保证了发酵香肠的安全性;NPN含量、aw和失重率的测定结果表明,添加3 种商业发酵剂均有助于发酵香肠中蛋白质的分解,加快成熟进程;SBM-52和VBM-60组香肠的酸价低于对照组,表明SBM-52和VBM-60具有较好的抑制脂肪氧化的作用。     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, nitrite content and sensory acceptance of low‐salt Chinese paocai fermented by screened lactic acid bacteria

Starter cultures of low‐salt Chinese paocai were screened from 135 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by evaluating their antimicrobial activity and growth characteristics. Furthermore, the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, nitrite contents and sensory acceptability of the starter‐fermented paocai were evaluated. LAB BC92, which was identified as Lactobacillus pentosus, was used as a starter culture to produce paocai. In comparison with naturally fermented paocai, the disappearance time of E. coli O157:H7 in starter‐fermented paocai decreased from 5.29 to 3.82 days, and the maximum nitrite content decreased from 11.73 to 8.64 mg kg^?1, and the nitrite reduction time decreased from 4 to 3 days. In addition, starter fermentations were able to accelerate the flavour formation and shorten the paocai ripening period. The paocai that was fermented naturally and fermented by BC92 all had good sensory acceptance, and no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed.     

不同乳酸菌发酵剂对发酵红肠品质的影响

为研究乳酸菌发酵对红肠品质的影响,将发酵技术应用于本无发酵工艺的红肠制品中,筛选出能够提高红肠品质的乳酸菌发酵剂。分别将常应用于发酵肉制品的7 种商业乳酸菌发酵剂（木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌（THM-17）、木糖葡萄球菌＋清酒乳杆菌＋类植物乳杆菌（PRO-MIX5）、木糖葡萄球菌＋肉葡萄球菌＋清酒乳杆菌（WBL-45）、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋植物乳杆菌（VHI-41）、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋植物乳杆菌（SHI-59）、肉葡萄球菌＋木糖葡萄球菌（WBX-43）和戊糖片球菌＋木糖葡萄球菌＋肉葡萄球菌＋乳酸片球菌（VBM-60））及8 种单菌（弯曲乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、清酒乳杆菌-1、戊糖片球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、肉葡萄球菌、清酒乳杆菌-2、植物乳杆菌）以107 CFU/g的接种量接种至腌制后的肉馅中,拌馅灌肠后于35 ℃、80%湿度条件下发酵12 h,取样测定发酵后样品的乳酸菌数和细菌总数,再经干燥、蒸煮、烟熏、烘烤制得成品,测定其感官、pH值、色差、质构、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、生物胺及N-亚硝胺含量等指标。结果表明：15 种发酵剂中以木糖葡萄球菌和植物乳杆菌2 种乳酸菌发酵剂应用效果较好,所制得产品pH值分别为5.26和5.04,色泽美观,弹性适中,亚硝酸盐残留量（10.84、10.13 mg/kg）低,可显著抑制N-亚硝胺的形成（N-二甲基亚硝胺含量分别为1.29、2.51 μg/kg）,生物胺总量较低。由此说明,木糖葡萄球菌和植物乳杆菌能够显著提高红肠产品的安全品质。     

甘蓝泡菜发酵菌种的复配研究

研究了用于蔬菜发酵的3种天然优势乳酸菌菌株——短乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌单独或复配使用对发酵甘蓝品质的影响。甘蓝接种后,常温条件(约23℃)下发酵3d,监测pH值、总酸、亚硝酸含量、乳酸菌总数的变化情况及感官品质。结果表明短乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌按1∶1复配,总接种量为2%～3%,泡菜的发酵效果最好。当总接种量为2%时,发酵后泡菜的pH为3.35,总酸为0.74%,乳酸菌活菌数为8.93×10~7cfu/mL,感官品质最佳,评分值达到12.1/15,亚硝酸盐含量为14.2mg/kg。     

传统发酵与接种发酵酸肉安全品质特性的分析

本实验对4种不同地区传统发酵酸肉的食用安全性进行分析,并进一步以植物乳杆菌120（Lp-120）、酿酒酵母2018（Sc-2018）、木糖葡萄球菌135（Sx-135）为发酵剂,研究不同发酵剂对发酵酸肉安全性的影响。采用高效液相色谱法、分光光度法、滴定法分别对酸肉生物胺、亚硝酸盐、过氧化值进行检测分析。研究结果表明:苗家酸肉、包谷酸肉、榕江酸肉和黎平酸肉的生物胺总含量分别为961.20、4673.85、3201.97和4687.37 mg·kg?1,除苗家酸肉外,其他地区生物胺含量均超过限定标准（1000 mg·kg?1）。另外,包谷酸肉、黎平酸肉的过氧化值也较高,分别达到0.181、0.158 g·(100 g)?1。但是,4种传统酸肉中亚硝酸盐残留量均在3.3~4.4 mg·kg?1范围内,未超过限量标准（30 mg·kg?1）。研究发现,接种Lp-120、Sc-2018以及混合发酵剂能显著（P<0.05）降低生物胺含量;接种Lp-120和Sc-2018的酸肉过氧化值分别为0.0377、0.0433 g·(100 g)?1,比包谷酸肉和黎平酸肉低70%左右;四组接种发酵（混合发酵组、Lp-120、Sc-2018、Sx-135）的亚硝酸盐含量均明显低于传统发酵组,其中,Sc-2018组最低,达到2.129 mg·kg?1。此外,接种发酵和传统发酵酸肉均有较好的微生物安全性。总体来看,不同地区的传统酸肉品质存在差异,包谷酸肉、榕江酸肉和黎平酸肉存在生物胺安全问题。接种发酵（混合发酵、Lp-120、Sc-2018）可明显提高酸肉的食用安全性。     

人工接种发酵甘蓝工艺条件的优化

为了探究甘蓝人工接种发酵适宜的发酵剂及发酵条件,采用从四川泡菜老汤中分离的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)、肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)3种菌以单一和不同配比混合组合成16组组合发酵剂中选出发酵甘蓝时亚硝酸盐含量低、发酵速度快、风味好的发酵剂。结果表明：肠膜明串珠菌、戊糖乳杆菌,其质量比为1:2(nPb:SPc组合),肠膜明串珠菌、戊糖乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌,其质量比为1:1:1(nPb:bC1:SPc组合),此两种组合为较优化发酵剂。应用响应面分析法优化此两种组合发酵剂接种发酵甘蓝的工艺条件。人工接种发酵甘蓝的条件为食盐质量浓度4g/100mL、接种量0.2%、发酵温度25℃。通过主效应分析说明食盐质量浓度对总酸度影响最大,发酵温度次之,接种量对其影响较小。     

混合菌种干法发酵生产中式香肠及产品品质研究

本文采用不同的混合菌种木糖葡萄球菌-12和戊糖片球菌-ATCC33316(CHS-SP)、木糖葡萄球菌-12和干酪乳杆菌干酪亚种-1．001(CHS-SL)作为发酵剂，并以无引发剂组(CHS-CONT)作对照研制了3批不同的中式干发酵香肠产品，并对各产品的理化性质、微生物学性质及感官品质进行了研究。结果显示：产品水分活度0．8～0．82，pH4．85～4．98，残留NaNO23．84～7．11mg／kg，挥发性总氮(TVBN)17．77～19．05mg／100g；17种游离氨基酸中，谷氨酸和精氨酸含量较大，半胱氨酸含量甚微；与对照组相比，混合菌种发酵显著提高了香肠中总游离氨基酸含量，对产品的色泽和质构有明显的改善，并能有效地抑制产品中致病肠道杆菌、酵母菌以及霉菌的生长，但对总平板数没有影响；感官评价表明CHS-SL组发酵香肠品质最佳，对照组CHS-CONT最差。     

Effect of Starter Culture and Packaging on the Chemical,Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Turkish Soudjouck (Sucuk)

Lactobacillus plantarum, Micrococcus aurantiacus, and Pediococcus pentosaceus in different combinations and amounts were used for the production of fermented soudjouck. The effects of starter cultures on total aerobic bacteria, and selected chemical properties of samples were determined. Additionally, the effects of starter culture and packaging on the sensory characteristics of final product were studied. It was found that nitrite and sugar content of samples decreased during ripening, while protein and fat content relatively increased with drying. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts increased in the first days of ripening and then decreased, similar trend was also observed for the counts of all three starter cultures. Sensory results showed that reducing amount of starter culture negatively affected and incorporation of glucano delta lactone (GDL) into formula along with starter culture had an adverse effect on the sensory properties. It was demonstrated that vacuum packaging improved the sensory properties; therefore, it should be preferred over normal packaging.     

不同乳杆菌强化发酵红薯叶及其酸菜品质的研究

为筛选发酵红薯叶最适宜的乳酸菌菌种,以植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌和混合乳酸菌强化发酵红薯叶,结果表明,乳酸菌强化发酵酸菜的pH下降快、乳酸含量高、亚硝酸盐含量低,可溶性多糖含量高。其中,混菌发酵乳酸含量最高(6.19mg/g,P<0.05),亚硝酸盐含量最低(0.29μg/mL,P<0.05),多糖含量(22.90mg/g)与单菌发酵无显著差异;混菌发酵红薯叶硬度、咀嚼性和紧实度均最大;混菌发酵有24种氨基酸,比自然发酵多4种,呈鲜味氨基酸最丰富,必需氨基酸最齐全且含量最高(1 561.72μg/g,P<0.05)。     

Effect of Select Parameters of the Sourdough Rye Fermentation on the Activity of Some Mixed Starter Cultures

The effect of select parameters (i.e., rye flour ash content, temperature, and dough yield) of the sourdough fermentation on the fermentation activity of different starter cultures (lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis ssp. Lactis, Weissella confusa, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus helveticus, and yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus subsp. Marxianus) was determined. The major metabolic end products of fermentation (D, L-lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol and glycerol) and the evolution of total phenolic content and folic acid during bread making were measured. Lactobacillus helveticus and Kluyveromyces marxianus allowed obtaining sourdoughs with the highest lactic acid/acetic acid ratios. The mixed starter culture with Lactococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae generated the most important quantities of D/L lactic acid. The maximum values of ethanol concentration were obtained in case of the sourdoughs from whole rye flour fermented at lower temperature (30°C) with mixed starter cultures containing Sacchomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation process and type of starter culture are also tools to increase the bioactive compounds, enabling the increase of the phenolic content of the sourdough.     

发酵剂对泡萝卜品质的影响

为确定不同发酵剂对泡萝卜品质的影响,将6 种不同微生物群落组成的发酵剂接种泡萝卜7 d,分析发酵过程中基本理化指标、质构特性、亚硝酸盐、17 种氨基酸和有机酸含量的变化。结果表明,接种发酵剂2的泡萝卜品质最佳,在接种第4天即可达到成熟。发酵至第7天,发酵剂3接种泡萝卜硬度略高于其他组（P＞0.05）,且发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量远低于国家限量卫生标准。发酵过程中,泡萝卜所含氨基酸、有机酸种类丰富,其中接种发酵剂2泡萝卜在发酵7 d甜味和鲜味氨基酸显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）,谷氨酸含量最高,为（0.18±0.01）mg/g,有机酸含量也显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）,给予泡萝卜良好的风味品质。综合分析,发酵剂2能为高品质泡萝卜专用发酵剂的开发提供理论依据。     

Lactobacillus plantarum(L. p)直投发酵剂低温发酵菊芋泡菜

利用自主研发的L. p(植物乳杆菌)直投发酵剂和购买的Lactobacillus brevis(L. b,短乳杆菌)菌株制备的直投发酵剂,对低温(环境温度为5～15℃)条件下发酵菊芋泡菜进行对比研究。分别以L. p、L. b及L. p与L. b复配的发酵剂直投发酵菊芋,测定其发酵过程中的动态变化,并以自然发酵菊芋为参照。试验结果表明,在低温条件下,自然发酵菊芋9 d后,其pH仍为5.15左右,且杂菌较多,其中肠杆菌数量为8.5×103CFU/mL;而采用上述3种直投发酵剂发酵菊芋,7 d后其pH均在3.80以下,发酵到第9天时,乳酸菌数量分别为4.7×107、4.0×107和4.4×107CFU/mL,肠杆菌数量均在100 CFU/mL以下,酵母菌数量均低于9.5×102CFU/mL,发酵6d后亚硝酸盐含量均低于0.09 mg/kg,且未出现亚硝峰。其中,L. p直投发酵菊芋泡菜的品质与风味优于L. b直投发酵及复配发酵,且在室温贮藏180 d后仍保持稳定。研究结果证明,L. p直投发酵不仅可以解决低温下自然发酵菊芋泡菜不可行的问题,且其发酵的菊芋泡菜品质优良,适合于菊芋泡菜的生产。     

可降解亚硝酸盐植物乳杆菌在广式腊肠发酵中的应用

目的:以可降解亚硝酸盐的植物乳杆菌为发酵剂,分析探讨广式腊肠制作中使用该发酵剂的产品特征。方法:研究两株植物乳杆菌分别对2%氯化钠和300 mg/kg亚硝酸钠的耐受性,以及在MRS培养基中降解亚硝酸盐的能力。并以其中一株植物乳杆菌为发酵剂加入广式腊肠中,测定不同发酵时间产品的pH值、水活度以及乳酸菌、霉菌和大肠菌的生长情况,与对照组进行比较,研究该发酵剂对发酵腊肠产品特征的影响。结论:将具有良好耐盐和耐亚硝酸盐能力,同时对亚硝酸盐具有较强降解能力的H1菌作为发酵剂加入腊肠后,降低了腊肠的pH值,同时对有害菌有明显的抑制效果,说明所选植物乳杆菌具有较好的环境适应性并显示出强大的酸化潜力,能通过抑制肠杆菌科的生长,提高微生物的安全性。因此,H1菌有望成为一种具有生物安全性的本土发酵剂。     

EFFECT OF FERMENTATION ON NITRATE, NITRITE AND ORGANIC ACID CONTENTS IN TRADITIONAL PICKLED CHINESE CABBAGE

The effect of fermentation on nitrate, nitrite and organic acid contents in pickled Chinese cabbage and brine was researched. The nitrate content in pickled Chinese cabbage decreased from 1,303.5 and 1,380.5 mg/kg to 245.7 and 354.9 mg/kg, respectively, during the natural and inoculated fermentation. The peak content of nitrite was formed in pickled vegetables and brine during the natural fermentation. The nitrite was at a low level in pickled Chinese cabbage and brine during the inoculated fermentation. During the 7-day natural fermentation, lactic acid increased from 22.4 to 3,117.3 mg/kg, acetic acid increased from 32.9 to 254.6 mg/kg and citric acid increased from 8.3 to 255.8 mg/kg, and the responding results were 27.9 to 3,559.9 mg/kg, 40.5 to 572.1 mg/kg and 13.4 to 268.0 mg/kg, respectively, during the inoculated fermentation. When the pH of the brine was lower than 4.5, the peak content of nitrite gradually decreased.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Pickle is a traditional Chinese fermented vegetable product. It has been widely consumed in China for many centuries. In many families, the homemade pickle is popular. There are also hundreds of industrial pickle-processing factories. It is necessary to focus on the quality of the pickle. The research presented in this paper showed that during the pickle processing, the peak content of nitrite that formed far exceeded the limit value of the nitrite content recommended by the World Health Organization. This research can be a guide for pickle processing both in families and in factories.     

发酵剂对发酵香肠食用品质的影响及其在不同直径香肠中的应用

以商业发酵剂（木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌）为对照组,不同发酵剂组合（木糖葡萄球菌＋副干酪乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋副干酪乳杆菌）为实验组,通过对发酵香肠水分含量、pH值、水分活度、色泽、质地、风味和感官品质等指标进行测定,确定最佳发酵剂及适宜发酵的香肠直径。结果表明：相较于商业发酵剂,木糖葡萄球菌与副干酪乳杆菌组合发酵的香肠总体可接受性相对较高,且庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、乳酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、2-甲基丙酸乙酯等愉悦风味物质为该组独有,其特征主要表现为更加浓郁的清新味、甜香味、果香味和花香味;适宜的直径（21 mm）、水分含量（（25.40±0.00）%）和硬度（（2 812.46±767.93）g）以及相对较高的pH值（pH 5.57±0.02）是该组发酵香肠口感显著高于其他2 组的重要原因。因此,木糖葡萄球菌与副干酪乳杆菌组合发酵的小直径香肠食用品质最佳。     

直投式发酵剂生产四川泡菜的研究

通过分析接入乳酸菌直投式发酵剂和自然发酵四川泡菜发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量、乳酸菌菌数和产品品质的动态变化,确定直投式菌剂发酵泡菜时的菌粉添加量和食盐用量。结果表明:添加4%食盐,接入0.04%直投式发酵剂,室温25℃,发酵7d后制得的泡菜酸甜适口,色泽好。添加到直投式发酵剂终产品中的亚硝酸盐含量显著低于自然发酵组,仅为2.11μg/mL,且其乳酸菌菌数远高于自然发酵组,肠膜明串珠菌和植物乳杆菌菌数分别达到6.42×107cfu/mL和3.13×107cfu/mL。     

Improvement of the quality and abatement of the biogenic amines of grass carp muscles by fermentation using mixed cultures

BACKGROUND: To improve the quality of processed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) products and control the accumulation of hazardous substances therein, minced grass carp slices were salted for 6 h at room temperature and then inoculated with mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen and Monascus anka and fermented for 12 h at 30 °C. The changes in some characteristics and biogenic amine contents of the fermented muscles were investigated. RESULTS: During the 12 h fermentation at 30 °C, muscles inoculated with mixed starter cultures showed a rapid decrease in pH from 6.0 to 5.1 and suppression of the growth of enterobacteria and pseudomonads. The fermented muscles exhibited better colour, appearance, flavour and overall acceptability than the control (P < 0.05). The changes in non‐protein nitrogen and free amino acid contents of the fermented muscles and in their sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles indicated that severe hydrolysis of muscle proteins occurred during fermentation. The accumulation of biogenic amines in the muscles was efficiently reduced by fermentation with mixed starter cultures. CONCLUSION: Fermentation with mixed starter cultures of L. casei, S. lactis, S. cerevisiae Hansen and M. anka significantly improved the characteristics of grass carp muscles and controlled the accumulation of biogenic amines. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry