淘汰蛋鸡鸡肉及其副产物高值化开发应用的研究进展

淘汰蛋鸡体量大,可开发组分丰富,不仅可以运用到传统熟肉制品等方面,还具有制备成生物活性肽等高价值精深加工产品的潜力,是极具开发利用价值的宝贵财富。因此,该文综述淘汰蛋鸡的饲养现状、肉用价值和整鸡组成部分中血液、内脏、油脂等副产物的高值化开发现状,为淘汰蛋鸡的高值化开发研究与利用前景做出展望,并为未来淘汰蛋鸡行业的发展提供参考和思路。     

淘汰蛋鸡与普通肉鸡肌肉品质的比较研究

比较测定了淘汰蛋鸡和普通肉鸡胸肉和腿肉两个部位的化学组成和食用品质指标.结果表明,淘汰蛋鸡与普通肉鸡在化学成分和食用品质间(除个别指标外)均有显著差异(P＜0.05).     

鸡肉品种和部位对美拉德反应产物呈味的影响

以淘汰蛋鸡(72周龄)、三黄鸡(10周龄)和AA白羽肉鸡(7周龄)3种鸡肉为原料,通过化学分析和感官评定相结合的方法,比较研究3种鸡的鸡胸肉、鸡腿肉和鸡骨架的化学组成和酶解液美拉德反应产物的呈味特性。结果表明:不同品种、不同部位的鸡肉在水分、蛋白质及脂肪含量上存在显著差异(P 0.05),淘汰蛋鸡骨架的水分和蛋白质含量最低,分别为68.74%和15.32%,脂肪含量最高,达到14.49%。3个品种的鸡肉,均以鸡胸肉的水解度最高。呈味试验结果显示,不同品种鸡肉美拉德反应产物的呈味效果,以淘汰蛋鸡最优,而淘汰蛋鸡的不同部位之间,又以鸡骨架在炖煮鸡汤的特征味、醇厚感、持续性、和谐性等方面最优。与AA白羽肉鸡和三黄鸡相比,淘汰蛋鸡更适合用来生产热反应鸡肉香精。     

基于主成分分析法的淘汰蛋鸡腿肉汤香气质量评价模型的构建

利用顶空法固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)测定了12份淘汰蛋鸡腿肉汤中的部分重要香气成分,利用主成分分析法建立了淘汰蛋鸡腿肉汤香气质量评价模型,利用该模型对12份淘汰蛋鸡腿肉汤香气质量进行了评价,并通过感官评价法对模型评价结果进行了检验。实验结果表明,淘汰蛋鸡腿肉汤S12的香气质量最好;模型评价结果与感官评价结果具有很好的一致性,说明提出的方法是客观的和可行的,为鸡肉汤香气质量的评价提供了一种新的途径。     

烤鸡的加工工艺与质量控制

介绍了烤鸡的加工工艺、质量指标及质量控制,以期对广大农户的淘汰蛋鸡进行产业升级提供技术参考.     

运动对淘汰蛋鸡肉用性能和肉品质的影响

为探讨运动对淘汰蛋鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,选用360 只80 周龄海兰褐蛋鸡为实验材料,按体质量相近随机分为对照组和实验组,实验组从第82周开始训练到第85周后结束,为期4 周。在83、85 周分别测定实验鸡的屠宰性能和肉品质。结果表明：85 周龄时,运动训练能显著降低淘汰蛋鸡的腹脂质量和腹脂率（P＜0.05）,肉色、滴水损失率和肌内脂肪含量显著优于对照组;尽管各处理组胸肌水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著,但运动训练组显著提高了肌内脂肪含量（P＜0.05）。因此,强制运动可增加淘汰蛋鸡白天活动量,在持续4 周后显著改善淘汰蛋鸡的肉品质和部分屠宰性能指标。     

淘汰蛋鸡肉糜功能特性影响因素研究进展

淘汰蛋鸡肉糜加工过程中的漂洗，加热，添加剂应用是影响其功能特性的主要因素。作者介绍了淘汰蛋鸡肉糜的功能特性，并对其主要影响因素－加工工艺和添加剂进行了综述论述。     

超声波-微波设备联合嫩化淘汰蛋鸡鸡胸肉

一种新型的超声-微波设备应用在淘汰蛋鸡的嫩化。对超声波、微波及超声-微波联合作用3种不同嫩化淘汰蛋鸡的方法进行探讨,结果表明,超声波-微波联合作用较任何单一方法的嫩化效果均好。在超声-微波的基础上,结合复合嫩化剂处理淘汰蛋鸡。采用L₉（3⁴）正交试验对处理条件进行优化,以探讨超声-微波与嫩化剂对蛋鸡嫩化效果的影响。结果表明:各因素对蛋鸡剪切力的影响主次顺序为超声-微波时间>木瓜蛋白酶>氯化钙>复合磷酸盐;最佳组合为功率400W、超声-微波10min,超声/间隙时间4s/4s、1.5%CaCl₂、1.0%复合磷酸盐、450U/g木瓜蛋白酶,可达到较好的嫩化效果。此时蛋鸡肉的剪切力为2.09kg/cm²。方差分析表明,超声-微波及木瓜蛋白酶对淘汰蛋鸡嫩化效果显著,而复合磷酸盐嫩化效果不显著。嫩化后的蛋鸡口感大大提高,经感官评定与肉鸡口感接近。     

超声波处理对淘汰蛋鸡嫩化效果的初步研究

采用超声波对淘汰蛋鸡肉的嫩化效果进行了初步的研究，对超声波的频率，功率，处理时间及处理媒质CaCl2的不同浓度进行了测试对比，结果表明：超声波与CaCl2相结合对淘汰蛋鸡肉的嫩化效果明显，超声渡的最佳频率为26．4kHz，功率为400W，处理时间15min，处理媒质CaCl2浓度为250mmol／L。     

我国粮食加工产业转型升级的思考

我国《粮食加工业发展规划2011～2020年》明确了今后10年中国粮食加工业发展目标、重点任务、产业布局和发展方向、重点工程等重大战略方向.未来10年中国粮食加工业总产值年均增长12％,到2015年粮食加工业总产值由2010年的2.6万亿元增加到5.3万亿元,2020年达到10.7万亿元,基本上每5年要翻一番.粮食加工产业必需实施产业转型升级,才能实现年均12％的持续发展,首先必须转变粗放型加工模式,把依赖资源投入的数量扩张转型为资源集约型;第二必须把扩大产业规模与淘汰落后产能有机结合起来;第三必须依靠科技创新,积极开拓和培育新产品市场,使产业转型升级达到新的高度.以上仅是个人观点,仅供参考.     

Effect of Substituting Surimi with Spent Laying Hen Meat on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Fried Fish Paste

Fried fish paste (FFP) samples were divided into four treatments: a control composed of commercial FFP containing no breast meat batter from spent laying hens, and treatments 1, 2, and 3, in which Itoyori surimi was substituted with 7.46, 14.93, and 22.39 % batter from the breast meat of whole spent laying hens, respectively. Moisture content was significantly lower in T3 than in the FFP samples, whereas crude fat was significantly higher in T3. Polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were significantly higher in the control than the other FFP samples, whereas saturated fatty acid contents were significantly higher in T3. The breaking force, deformation, gel strength, and jelly strength values were higher in the control than the other FFP samples during storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as a measure of lipid oxidation, and volatile basic nitrogen, as a measure of protein degradation, were significantly higher in T3 than in the other samples. Additionally, the control had a significantly lower TBARS level than the other samples. In sensory evaluation, color, aroma, flavor, and juiciness were not significantly different among FFP samples during storage. The results show that physicochemical properties such as gel characteristics, shear force, and fatty acid composition are influenced by substitution with spent laying hen meat batter. However, sensory evaluation scores are less influenced by this substitution.     

Testosterone antagonist (flutamide) blocks ovulation and preovulatory surges of progesterone, luteinizing hormone and oestradiol in laying hens

The preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the domestic hen occurs after the initiation of a preovulatory surge of testosterone. The objective of this study was to determine whether this testosterone surge has functional significance in the endocrine control of ovulation. Groups of laying hens (n = 10-22) were treated with the androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide, at 8 h intervals for 24 h at doses of 0, 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg. All doses reduced egg laying (P < 0.001), with the highest dose being the most effective. In a second study, laying hens (n = 9) were treated with 250 mg flutamide at 8 h intervals for 24 h with a control group being given placebo (n = 10). Blood samples were taken for hormone measurements at 2 h intervals for 18 h starting 4 h before the onset of darkness. The percentage of hens laying per day did not differ between groups before treatment (control, 88% vs flutamide, 86%). Ovulation was blocked in all hens treated with flutamide within 2 days while the control hens continued to lay at the pretreatment rate (80%). Preovulatory surges of plasma testosterone, progesterone, oestradiol and LH were observed in control hens but with the exception of testosterone, flutamide treatment blocked the progesterone, oestradiol and LH surges. LH concentrations declined progressively with time in the flutamide-treated hens. It is concluded that inhibition of testosterone action blocks egg laying and the preovulatory surges of progesterone, luteinizing hormone and oestradiol demonstrating a key role for the preovulatory release of testosterone in the endocrine control of ovulation in the domestic hen.     

淘汰藏鸡基本营养及挥发性成分分析

对比600日龄淘汰下蛋藏鸡和市场上相近日龄三黄鸡和白凤乌鸡肉的基本营养物质和挥发性成分种类及含量。结果表明：淘汰下蛋藏鸡蛋白质含量最高（18.95 g/100 g）,显著高于白凤乌鸡（17.00 g/100 g）(P <0.0 5),与三黄鸡无显著性差异;白凤乌鸡水分含量最高（6 4.9 5g/1 0 0g）,脂肪含量最低（14.60 g/100 g）;三黄鸡水分含量最低（58.75 g/100 g）,脂肪含量最高（21.55 g/100 g）;3种不同品种鸡肉通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用内标法共鉴定出76种挥发性物质,主要由醛类、醇类、酮类和烃类物质组成;藏鸡作为西藏特色品种,挥发性物质种类最多（65种）,高于白凤乌鸡（47种）和三黄鸡（60种）,其总含量（3 070.84μg/kg）低于白凤乌鸡,略高于三黄鸡,从挥发性物质种类和含量上来说,淘汰藏鸡风味优于三黄鸡。     

Quality characteristics of imitation crab sticks made from Alaska Pollack and spent laying hen meat

Imitation crab stick (ICS) samples were divided into four treatments, a control (C) prepared with Alaska Pollack as a commercial ICS, T1, which consisted of Alaska Pollack with spent laying hen surimi collected by the pH adjust method, T2, which was composed of Alaska Pollack with spent laying hen surimi collected by the filter cake method, and T3, which consisted of Alaska Pollack with whole spent laying hen meat batter collected by the cutting method. The moisture content was significantly higher in T3 than in the other ICS samples; but, there was no significant difference in the crude protein, fat and ash content, regardless of the spent laying hen substitution methods. The lightness (L∗) and whiteness (W) was higher in the control than in the other ICS samples at 0 days of storage, whereas the yellowness (b∗) was significantly higher in T3 than in the other ICS samples. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the control group than in the other ICS samples. Additionally, the pH increased with storage time in the spent laying hen substituted samples (T1, T2 and T3), with T1 showing a significantly higher pH during storage. The TBARS value increased with storage time in all ICS samples, with T2 showing a significantly lower TBARS value than the other ICS samples at the beginning and end of the storage periods. There was no significant difference in any sensory evaluation items among the ICS samples during storage. Thus, we assumed that T3 was better than other ICS samples, because T3 method (cutting) is much easier to collect spent laying hen surimi than T1 (pH adjust) and T2 (filter cake).     

Effect of Cryoprotectants on Chemical, Mechanical and Sensorial Characteristics of Spent Laying Hen Surimi

The surimi samples were divided into four groups (C, surimi made from Alaska pollack by water washing with NaCl-free cryoprotectant; T1, made from spent laying hen breast by water washing with NaCl-free cryoprotectant; T2, made from spent laying hen breast by water washing with NaCl and sugar-free cryoprotectant; T3, made from spent laying hen breast by water washing with NaCl-contained cryoprotectant). In proximate compositions, collagen and myofibrillar protein were significantly higher in spent laying hen breast surimi samples (T1, T2, and T3) than Alaska pollack surimi sample (C). Folding test score was significantly higher in T3 in all storage periods. Spent laying hen breast surimi samples (T1, T2, and T3) had higher lighness (L*) and whiteness (W) than Alaska pollack surimi sample (C) in all storage period. In sensory evaluation, T3 showed significantly higher score in all sensory evaluation items. As a result of study, the qualities of T3 are higher than those of other surimi samples.     

Effect of Freeze-Dried Mechanically Deboned Spent Laying Hen Hydrolysates on the Quality Characteristics of Boiled Fish Paste

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of freeze-dried mechanically deboned spent laying hen hydrolysate on the quality and antioxidative characteristics of boiled fish paste during storage. Boiled fish paste samples were divided into three treatments: control (commercial fish paste), T1(1 % freeze-dried mechanically deboned spent laying hen hydrolysate), and T2(3 % freeze-dried mechanically deboned spent laying hen hydrolysate). Moisture, crude protein, and crude fat were not significantly different among samples in the 0 day. T1 and T2 had lower pH, lightness, and whiteness than the control during storage. Volatile basic nitrogen was increased in T1 and T2 during storage. The breaking force, deformation, gel strength, and jelly strength values were higher in the control than in T1 and T2 during storage. Sensory evaluation showed that color, flavor, springiness, and overall acceptability were lower and more nonelastic in T1 and T2 than in control samples after storage. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical scavenging activity of boiled fish paste was dose-dependently increased in T1 and T2 during storage.     

Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry production in France

This study aimed to update and create a data set from laying hens and broilers regarding contamination by Listeria monocytogenes. Two hundred laying-hen flocks were sampled, with 88 flocks reared in cages and 112 reared on the floor. One hundred forty-five broiler flocks were sampled, with 85 conventional and 60 free-range flocks. A total of 774 and 725 samples were analyzed from laying hens and broilers, respectively. L. monocytogenes was detected in 31 of 200 flocks, yielding an estimated prevalence of 15.5% in laying-hen flocks. Among positive flocks, there appeared a significant (P = 0.004) difference between caged and floor-reared hens, with a higher detection in dust samples from floor-reared hens. In positive caged hen flocks, significant (P = 0.028) differences between dust and fecal samples appeared, with a higher detection in feces than in dust samples. In broiler flocks, L. monocytogenes was isolated in 46 of 145 flocks, yielding an estimated prevalence of 32% (28% in conventional flocks versus 37% in the free-range flocks). L. monocytogenes was isolated in samples taken from conventional flocks with a lower frequency than in free-range flocks (13 versus 18%, respectively). The serotyping of L. monocytogenes strains showed that the majority belonged to type 1/2a in laying-hen flocks (74.3%) and in broiler flocks (40.5%). A significant difference (P = 0.007) between laying hens and broilers was shown for serogroup 4 and for serovar 1/2b (P = 0.007); these serogroups were more prevalent in broilers (40%) than in laying hens (5.7%).     

Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on performance of laying hens,and total cholesterol,lipid and fatty acid composition of egg yolk

BACKGROUND: The use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal feeds is not approved for laying hens in many countries, and economically feasible biological measures which include probiotics are developed to improve hen performance. The present study investigated the effects of probiotics on hen performance for a 48‐week period and the cholesterol, total lipid and fatty acid composition of egg yolk at 24, 28 and 32 weeks of age. RESULTS: Egg weight of Lactobacillus culture (LC)‐fed hens was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of control hens throughout the laying period. From 20 to 44 weeks of age, LC‐fed hens produced a significantly (P < 0.05) lower percentage of small eggs and a higher percentage of large eggs, and from 45 to 68 weeks of age a significantly (P < 0.05) lower percentage of medium eggs and a higher percentage of large and extra‐large eggs than control hens. Significantly (P < 0.05) less cholesterol was found in egg yolks of hens fed LC at 24 and 28 weeks of age, but not at 32 weeks of age. The total lipid content and the fatty acid composition of egg yolks were similar between the treatments at 24, 28 and 32 weeks of age, except for stearic acid (C_{18 : 0}), which was significantly reduced in the egg yolk of LC‐fed hens at 28–32 weeks of age. CONCLUSION: The greatest benefit of LC was in increasing egg weight and improving egg size by influencing a shift from small and medium to large and extra‐large eggs. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

淘汰蛋鸡胸肉风干成熟组合木瓜蛋白酶嫩化工艺优化

以淘汰蛋鸡胸肉为原料(n=45),通过以酶用量、风干温度和风干时间为试验因素,蛋白质水解指数(PI)和剪切力(WBS)为响应指标的中心组合响应曲面法来研究风干成熟工艺对木瓜蛋白酶嫩化淘汰蛋鸡胸肉效果的影响,并优化其加工风鸡的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,3个因素对蛋白质水解指数的影响大小依次为酶用量＞风干温度＞风干时间;对剪切力的影响大小为风干时间＞酶用量＞风干温度;木瓜蛋白酶嫩化淘汰蛋鸡,加工风鸡的最佳工艺参数为酶用量3.5U/g、风干起始温度14℃、风干时间99.33h,考虑到实际操作,将风干时间优化为99.3h,在此条件下,蛋白质水解指数为10.408%,剪切力3.48kg/cm2。