生物质增强聚乙烯醇在食品包装领域的应用研究进展

目的 研究定制猫眼彩盒的生产对环境的影响,为此类型包装材料对环境的影响评估以及生产工艺改进提供参考。方法 采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法定性、定量分析其对环境(9个环境因素)的影响,在e-Footprint软件上,在线完成全部生命周期评价,包括建模、计算分析、数据质量评估和LCA结果发布。结果 该类型产品对初级能源消耗、水资源消耗和气候变化的影响较大。每个彩盒消耗0.71 MJ初级能源和0.35 kg水,排放0.05 kg影响气候变化的气体。其中,白卡纸和定制猫眼膜的初级能源消耗占比分别为37%和35%,水资源消耗的79%来自白卡纸生产,影响气候变化气体的排放占比分别为29%和25%。结论 通过优化白卡纸和定制猫眼膜材料、结构以及生产工艺流程,可降低定制猫眼彩盒的能源消耗(含初级能源和水资源),减少温室效应气体的排放。     

罐装薯片包装的生命周期评价

对罐装薯片包装进行了生命周期评价,包括从原材料的获取、生产加工,工厂、消费者的运输,到包装容器的使用、二次回收使用,废弃物处理等包装的生命周期环节,对其能量消耗、环境影响等进行了评价。分析结果表明:纸铝塑复合包装的环境负荷主要体现在原材料的获取阶段,集中在燃料能源的消耗,其中纸材料加工的环境负荷要大于塑料与铝;填埋、焚烧、再利用这3种处置方式对环境的影响主要集中在化石燃料的消耗、土地占用和无机物对人体的损害上。因此,在维持现有结构的情况下,实行材料减量化和容器轻量化是提高包装环保适性最直接、有效的途径。     

药用铝塑复合管——内外兼优的创新包装

纵观国内药用软膏包装从最早的单层塑料管、铅锡管，到后来的彩塑管，到今天普遍使用的铝管，每一次改变不仅提升了单一产品的品质，更是带动了整个行业的发展。而铝塑复合软管是融合了彩塑管和铝管的优势，依托多层复合技术和新型制管技术发展而成的一种创新材料，它既拥有塑料管良好的韧性，又具备了铝管优异的阻隔性。     

微小缺陷对铝塑复合软包装材料阻隔性影响的研究

以铝箔及镀铝复合软包装薄膜为主要研究对象,采用揉搓和对折实验来模拟微孔、裂缝等微小缺陷对铝塑复合软包装材料阻隔性的影响,并用金相显微镜观察分析材料表面微观变化。研究表明,随着揉搓和对折次数的增加,各种材料的阻氧、阻湿性能均有不同程度的降低;与全塑复合材料相比,铝塑复合材料阻隔性受揉搓和对折的次数影响更大;铝塑复合材料中,镀铝复合材料阻隔性最易受到微小缺陷影响;铝箔复合材料中铝箔的厚度也在一定程度上影响其阻隔性受缺陷影响的程度。     

水泥基材料的环境协调性研究

作为最广泛使用的建筑材料，水泥基材料在其生产，使用以及废弃等整个生命周期内对生存环境具有重要的影响，从资源和能源消耗以及排放物等方面着重分析了水泥基材料对环境的影响；并分别采用单位水泥基材料的资源消耗，能源消耗以及C煤排放量与抗压强度比三个指标评价了水泥基材料的环境协调性。     

基于全生命周期理论的生物质包装材料环境友好性模型与评价

运用全生命周期评价理论和Eco-indicator99评价方法建立生物质包装材料的全生命周期评价系统模型,采用专用软件对其进行全生命周期影响定量化评价,并对比分析生物质包装材料与其他典型包装材料的全生命周期对环境的影响。数据表明,生物质包装材料对人体健康、生态环境质量、资源消耗的影响因子分别为0.0151、0.00299和0.0533pt。生物质包装材料全生命周期内对人体健康、生态环境、资源消耗等方面影响最低,同时在环境负荷方面对环境的影响最小。     

包装用塑料制品配方讲座：第十七讲 复合软管包装的生产配方和生产工艺

复合软管是一种特殊的包装容器,在包装领域中占有重要的地位。所谓复合软管,是“用挠性材料制成的圆柱形包装容器,经折合焊封后形成管桶和一端装有管嘴,挤压后,内容物由管嘴挤出”,这是我国包装标准“包装通用术语”中规定的定义。     

燃气用具连接用不锈钢波纹软管长度测量方法

针对CJ/T 197-2010《燃气用具连接用不锈钢波纹软管》标准中软管长度无相关测量方法,通过对燃气软管相关标准的比对及软管相关标准调查研究,比对长度测量方法的异同,及测量方法对长度测量结果的影响等因素,及对目前常见接头类型的收集和分析,及燃气用具连接用不锈钢波纹软管等燃气软管应用环境的分析,提出燃气用具连接用不锈钢波纹软管等燃气软管统一的长度的测量建议,为相关燃气标准的长度测量提供参考。     

应用于冷链运输相变蓄冷技术研究进展

目的 研究化妆品销售包装盒的环境影响,优选包装材料、优化包装设计及其生产系统,达到绿色生产的目的。方法 基于生命周期评价(LCA)方法论,采用eFootprint软件及数据库量化分析由白纸板和聚丙烯2种不同材料设计生产的化妆品销售包装盒。以规定尺寸(长57 mm、宽52 mm、高60 mm)和结构的单个化妆品销售包装盒盒坯为功能单位,设定系统边界包括该包装盒生产加工过程的主要工序和各物料运输环节。分析清单后进行生命周期影响评价。结果 评价对象产生的9类环境影响中,全球变暖潜值(GWP)、初级能源消耗(PED)和水资源消耗(WU)贡献值较大,白纸板化妆品销售包装盒结果分别为17.8 g,185 kJ,57.8 g,聚丙烯化妆品销售包装盒结果分别为45.3 g,1.16 MJ,147 g。聚丙烯化妆品销售包装盒在生产过程中消耗的能量和对环境产生的影响均大于白纸板化妆品销售包装盒,故两者中首选材料是白纸板。结论 材料种类和生产过程能源消耗是影响环境的主要原因,可通过LCA优选包装材料、控制包装印刷设计和改善生产系统等方式,提高包装的环境效益。     

离心式冷水机组生命周期影响评价及关键影响因素分析

离心式冷水机组市场发展迅速,其生命周期中对环境产生的负面影响也日益受到关注。为了辨识离心式冷水机组全生命周期内环境影响的主要阶段和关键影响因素,为产品的优化设计提供依据,运用生命周期评价方法(LCA),选取CML 2002评价模型对离心式冷水机组的原材料获取、生产、运输、使用和回收再利用全生命周期过程的环境影响进行了定量评价,并对相关参数进行了敏感性分析。评价结果表明:机组整个生命周期环境影响主要体现在气候变暖和酸化,在同温层臭氧减少、富营养化、不可再生资源消耗等方面影响稍小;在造成的环境影响方面,使用和维护阶段的电能消耗是主要环节。敏感性分析结果表明,机组的制冷剂类型、能效水平和运行时间是机组环境影响的关键影响因素。     

绿色包装的评价手段——生命周期评价法

将运用纸和塑料包装的具体事例进行绿色包装评估体系的介绍-生命周期评估方法（LifeCycleAssessment)，它作为一种新型的管理工具，注重对包装的全过程分析，通过对生命周期评估方法的目标和范围界定，清单分析，影响评价和改善评价在纸塑包装上的初步探讨，为包装开发生产提供决策支持，使LCA这一环境管理工具得到重视，从而促进可持续发展和国际贸易的需要。     

Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-modified binder and conventional asphalt binder

This study is a life cycle assessment (LCA) of conventional asphalt binder versus bio-modified binder that is produced by mixing asphalt binder with bio-binder obtained from swine manure. Both processes were evaluated and compared in terms of their contribution to global warming, using a global warming potential index and energy consumption. This LCA study uses a cradle-to-gate approach for the binder and includes a comparison between the environmental impacts of swine manure in lagoons and the production of bio-binder. The results show the energy consumption and global warming potential improvements after using bio-binder as a sustainable additive.     

Environmental life-cycle comparisons of two polychlorinated biphenyl remediation technologies: incineration and base catalyzed decomposition

Remediation action is critical for the management of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated sites. Dozens of remediation technologies developed internationally could be divided in two general categories incineration and non-incineration. In this paper, life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to study the environmental impacts of these two kinds of remediation technologies in selected PCB contaminated sites, where Infrared High Temperature Incineration (IHTI) and Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) were selected as representatives of incineration and non-incineration. A combined midpoint/damage approach was adopted by using SimaPro 7.2 and IMPACTA2002+ to assess the human toxicity, ecotoxicity, climate change impact, and resource consumption from the five subsystems of IHTI and BCD technologies, respectively. It was found that the major environmental impacts through the whole lifecycle arose from energy consumption in both IHTI and BCD processes. For IHTI, primary and secondary combustion subsystem contributes more than 50% of midpoint impacts concerning with carcinogens, respiratory inorganics, respiratory organics, terrestrial ecotoxity, terrestrial acidification/eutrophication and global warming. In BCD process, the rotary kiln reactor subsystem presents the highest contribution to almost all the midpoint impacts including global warming, non-renewable energy, non-carcinogens, terrestrial ecotoxity and respiratory inorganics. In the view of midpoint impacts, the characterization values for global warming from IHTI and BCD were about 432.35 and 38.5 kg CO(2)-eq per ton PCB-containing soils, respectively. LCA results showed that the single score of BCD environmental impact was 1468.97 Pt while IHTI's score is 2785.15 Pt, which indicates BCD potentially has a lower environmental impact than IHTI technology in the PCB contaminated soil remediation process.     

基于生命周期分析的建筑物能耗评价方法

生命周期评价（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）是一种评价产品、工艺或活动从原材料采集，到产品的生产、运输、销售、使用、回用、维护和最终处置整个生命周期有关的环境负荷过程，若能按照ISO14040中确定的LCA的技术框架，依据国家的相关能源和环境政策法规，结合中国的资源特点及生命周期评价方法，建立一套适合中国国情并可以同时考虑建筑能耗和环境影响的评价方法及相应的指标体系，将为我国建筑节能的跨载式发展的宏观决策和可持续性发展战略提供理论依据和基础数据。     

重质碳酸钙矿物填料的生命周期评价

无机非金属矿物填料降低成本在制品生产中具有重要的意义。生命周期评价方法已经成为对材料或产品进行环境表现分析的一种重要方法。本文选择了重质碳酸钙非金属矿物填料,介绍生产1t的重质碳酸钙的矿石开采、矿石运输和矿石加工阶段,采用生命周期方法,得到了重质碳酸钙的生命周期清单,并进行了评价。结果表明,石灰石开采过程对环境的影响最为严重。     

Environmental impact of microalgal biomass production using wastewater resources

The current study provides a life cycle assessment (LCA) of microalgal biomass production using the effluent collected from the stabilization lagoon of a municipal sewage treatment as culture medium. Strains of two native microalgae from the stabilization lagoon (Desmodesmus sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) were grown in three different media: filtered effluent, autoclaved filtered effluent and conventional medium for cultivation of freshwater microalgae. Environmental analysis was carried out within the methodological framework of the LCA, by the life cycle impact assessment method ReCiPe 2008. A comparative analysis was performed for three endpoint categories: damage to human health, damage to ecosystem diversity and damage to resource availability. For both microalgal strains, the results confirmed that microalgal biomass production in non-autoclaved effluent has the lowest potential environmental impact. An additional analysis indicated that the potential environmental impact caused by discharge of effluents treated with microalgae is higher than the impact of untreated effluents. Despite the decrease in N and P in the effluent after microalgal treatment, the potential environmental impact of its discharge is strongly correlated with the electric consumption required for microalgal cultivation. This consumption could be lowered by decreasing the expenditure for illumination and mixing using outdoor microalgal cultivation.