两性引发剂VA-057引发分散聚合制备PSG微球的研究

以苯乙烯(St)为主单体,甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)为功能单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,乙醇和水的混合物为反应介质,选用两性偶氮二(N-2-羧乙基-2-甲基丙脒)水合物(VA-057)为该体系的引发剂,分散聚合制备了单分散的聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯)(PSG)高分子微球。考察了单体配比、引发剂及分散剂用量、醇水比等因素对高分子微球表面环氧基团浓度、粒径及单分散性的影响。研究表明,PSG微球粒径(6~9μm)和表面环氧基团浓度(2~4mmol/g)具有可控性。单体配比中GMA含量增加,PSG微球的表面环氧基团浓度和粒径均增大。乙醇/水介质中水含量增大或引发剂用量增多,粒径变大。分散剂用量增多,粒径变小。但引发剂浓度过高或单体St与GMA的质量比1时,会导致粒径分布变宽。     

聚甲基丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯微球的制备及其光响应性

利用对氨基偶氮苯与甲基丙烯酰氯反应合成了甲基丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(MAAAB),以MAAAB为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,乙醇/水为分散介质,利用分散聚合法制备了聚甲基丙烯酰氨基偶氮苯(PMAAAB)微球,同时考察了引发剂、分散剂浓度以及醇水比对微球形貌和粒径的影响。采用红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、扫描电镜、纳米粒度仪等对单体和聚合物的结构、微球形貌和粒径进行了表征和测试,并考察了PMAAAB微球的光响应性。结果表明,PMAAAB微球的粒径在0~2.0μm,粒径分布较窄;PMAAAB微球的粒径随分散剂用量、醇水比的增加而减小;引发剂用量增加,微球粒径增大;随着UV照射时间的延长,微球粒径变大,照射80 min后达到平衡;可见光作用下,微球粒径及其分布均减小,照射20 min后达到平衡;在紫外-可见光交替作用下,PMAAAB微球粒径表现出可逆的变化。     

单分散大粒径P(GMA-St)微球的制备

以乙醇水溶液为反应介质,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,采用分散聚合法制备了粒径为4～9μm的单分散甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯/苯乙烯共聚物(P(GMA-St))微球。研究了分散聚合中单体配比及浓度、醇水比、分散剂及引发剂用量对微球粒径及粒径分布的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)对P(GMA-St)微球的表面形貌和化学结构进行了表征。     

单分散苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯共聚微球的制备

以苯乙烯和丙烯酸丁酯为反应单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为分散剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,乙醇/水为分散介质,采用分散聚合法制备了微米级苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯共聚微球,通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和扫描电镜对产物进行了表征,并且对不同聚合条件下,产物微球的粒径和粒径分布进行了研究。结果表明,随着苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯比值增大,粒子平均粒径和分布都减小;分散剂用量增加,粒子平均粒径减小,分布变窄;增加引发剂用量或提高温度,粒子平均粒径增大,分布变宽;随着乙醇/水比值增大,粒子平均粒径增大,分布有个极小值。     

高固含量低粘酮肼交联聚丙烯酸酯微乳液的制备及性能

以丙烯酸类单体为聚合单体,采用种子聚合制备了高固含量聚丙烯酸酯微乳液,讨论了乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、软硬单体比例等对乳液粒径及粘度的影响,并用IR、TEM、粒径仪对共聚物进行表征,实验结果表明,随着乳化剂用量增加,乳液粘度不断增大,粒径逐渐减小;乳液粒径随引发剂用量的增大先增大后减小,而乳液粘度随引发剂用量的增大先减小后增大;随着软硬单体比例的增大,乳液粘度逐渐增大,而对粒径的影响不明显;当pH值=7.5～9时,聚丙烯酸酯微乳液具有良好的稳定性。     

新型酯类单体及其聚羧酸减水剂的合成与性能研究

使用聚乙二醇与丙烯酸合成了一种新型酯类功能单体,并将其与乙二醇单乙烯基醚进行聚合,得到了一种保坍型酯醚共聚聚羧酸减水剂.通过单因素实验,研究了酸醇比、催化剂用量、反应温度对功能单体酯化率的影响以及酸醚比、引发剂用量、功能单体掺量和反应温度对减水剂性能的影响.结果表明,在酸醇比n(AA):n(PEG)为2.5:1,浓硫酸...     

氧化还原引发无皂乳液聚合制备单分散热敏性微球

在可聚合乳化剂甲基丙烯磺酸钠存在下,以过硫酸钾和亚硫酸氢钠为氧化还原引发体系,将苯乙烯和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺进行无皂乳液聚合,制得粒径大小在200 nm~300 nm范围内的单分散热敏性聚(苯乙烯/甲基丙烯磺酸钠/N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)微球。通过透射电镜观察微球形态和大小,并采用激光光散射粒度仪考察微球粒径大小随温度变化情况。探讨了水溶性单体/油溶性单体比、引发剂用量等对微球粒径大小的影响。结果表明,制备的乳胶粒粒径在32℃附近明显减小,呈现出热敏性质;微球粒径随水溶性单体/油溶性单体比的增大而减小,随引发剂用量的增大而增大。     

耐盐型吸水微球的反相悬浮法制备及表征

采用反相悬浮聚合法,以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGMA)为单体,合成了吸水膨胀微球聚(丙烯酸钠-丙烯酰胺-聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯)(P(AA-AM-PEGMA))。研究了分散剂对反应体系稳定性和产品形态的影响以及搅拌速度、反应温度、单体配比、丙烯酸中和度、交联剂、引发剂用量对微球性能的影响。结果表明,最佳条件下(聚合温度为75℃,PEGMA用量为单体质量的35%,中和度为80%,引发剂和交联剂用量分别为单体质量的1.5%、0.1%)制备的吸水膨胀微球在去离子水中的吸水率为706 g/g,在0.9%NaCl溶液中的吸液率为85 g/g。     

Pickering乳液聚合制备草莓型PSt/SiO2有机-无机复合微球

在纳米硅溶胶分散介质中,以苯乙烯(St)为单体,偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(AIBA)为引发剂,不添加任何辅助单体,通过Pickering乳液聚合,成功制备了PSt/SiO2有机-无机复合微球,透射电镜研究显示,复合微球具有草莓型形态。所得复合微球粒径在190 nm-300 nm之间,二氧化硅吸附量介于28%-44%之间。研究了初始硅溶胶用量、AIBA用量和反应温度等因素对复合微球粒子粒径和二氧化硅吸附量的影响。结果发现,初始硅溶胶用量增大,复合微球粒径减小、二氧化硅吸附量增大;引发剂用量增加,二氧化硅吸附量增大;反应温度升高,复合微球粒径增大,但对二氧化硅吸附量影响较小。     

分散聚合反应中影响聚苯乙烯微球粒径的因素

采用分散聚合反应制备出微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球，研究了在分散聚合反应中多种因素对微球粒径的影响．结果表明：分散稳定剂用量的增加使聚苯乙烯微球的粒径减小，单体和引发剂用量的增加使聚苯乙烯微球的粒径则增大．分散稳定剂和单体用量是影响聚苯乙烯微球粒径分布的两个主要因素．反应介质极性的加强使聚苯乙烯微球的粒径减小，而反应体系温度的升高则使聚苯乙烯微球的粒径增大，但是反应介质的极性和反应温度对粒径分布的影响很小．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.