CB/UHMWPE复合材料的制备及导电性能

通过高速机械混磨方法制备了具有分离结构的炭黑(CB)/超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料,研究了复合材料的形态结构和导电性。结果表明,炭黑粒子可在较短的时间内涂覆在UHMWPE粒子表面。当CB的体积分数为0.6%时,复合材料的电导率提高了14个数量级,而渗流阈值仅为0.4%(体积分数,下同)。研究了热压工艺对导电复合材料电性能的影响,随热压时间的延长,复合材料的电导率出现下降趋势。     

石墨烯/超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的导电性能

采用氧化还原法制备了石墨烯(GNS),用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱、透射电子显微镜对所得GNS进行了分析和表征。采用溶液混合、超声波分散的方法,制备了GNS/超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)导电复合材料,研究了材料的导电渗流行为和阻-温特性。结果表明,溶液混合法可使GNS较好地分散于UHMWPE基体中,复合材料表现出典型的导电渗流行为,其渗流阈值为3.6%(质量分数)。在大于渗流阈值的情况下,复合材料的正温度系数效应(PTC)强度随GNS含量的增加而提高;热循环使得复合材料的PTC强度有所降低。     

石墨烯多壁碳纳米管/超高分子量聚乙烯导电复合材料的制备及性能

为了比较超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)在单一填充和混合填充时, 复合材料导电性的差别。在超声和肼的作用下, 通过对氧化石墨烯(GO)、 多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和超高分子量聚乙烯水/乙醇分散液减压蒸馏及热压制备了隔离型MWCNTs/UHMWPE、 石墨烯(GNS)/UHMWPE和MWCNTs-GNS/UHMWPE导电复合材料。经SEM、 TEM测试发现, 导电填料分散于UHMWPE颗粒表面, 热压后形成隔离结构。隔离型的MWCNTs/UHMWPE和GNS/UHMWPE复合材料均表现出较低的导电逾渗(0.148%和0.059%, 体积分数,下同), 但MWCNTs/UHMWPE复合材料的电导率(2.0×10^-2 S/m, 1.0%, 质量分数, 下同)明显高于相同填料含量下的GNS/UHMWPE复合材料。 MWCNTs-GNS/UHMWPE复合材料表现出了更低的逾渗(0.039%) 和较高导电性能(1.0×10^-2 S/m, 1.0%), 其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随填充剂含量的增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。     

低逾渗MWCNTs-CB/UHMWPE导电复合材料的制备及性能

采用溶液法及机械共混法分别制备了均匀结构的炭黑(CB)/超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)及隔离结构的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)-CB/UHMWPE复合薄膜。扫描电镜分析显示,虽然大部分CB均匀分散于UHMWPE基体中,但依然存在明显的局部团聚,而隔离结构中的MWCNTs-CB分布于UHMWPE界面间,更易形成导电通道。导电测试结果表明,复合材料的导电逾渗值由均匀分布的4.91%(体积分数)下降到隔离结构的0.42%。MWCNTs的加入完善了CB间的导电网络,使复合材料的逾渗值进一步下降,当CB∶MWCNTs=15∶1时,复合薄膜的逾渗值由0.42%(体积分数)下降到0.24%,然而混合填料中MWCNTs含量的进一步增加几乎对逾渗值没有影响。力学性能研究表明,隔离型复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随填充剂含量的增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。     

具有隔离结构的超高分子量聚乙烯/镍高导电复合材料

采用化学镀手段制备金属镍包覆的超高分子量聚乙烯复合粒子,通过热压成型方法制得具有隔离结构的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)/镍(Ni)高导电复合材料。通过调节金属(镍)镀层厚度及加工温度考察不同Ni含量及加工温度对复合材料导电性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料具有明显的导电逾渗行为;通过化学镀工艺可有效提高金属填料与基体的结合力,同时实现金属镍在聚合物基体中的选择性稳定分布,构建具有隔离结构的导电网络,使得复合材料的逾渗值降低至1.02%(体积分数)。基于金属填料优异的导电性能,在Ni体积分数仅为2.53%时,复合材料的电导率达到2648S/m。此外,降低复合材料的加工成型温度有助于减少加工过程对导电网络的破坏作用,从而有效降低复合材料的导电逾渗值,对提高复合材料导电性能具有重要意义。     

超高分子量聚乙烯／石墨包覆铜纳米粒子摩擦磨损性能

在超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)中填充石墨包覆铜纳米粒子(GECNP),利用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的断面形貌,用XP销-盘摩擦磨损试验机研究了其摩擦磨损性能,并用铜粉(Copper)、纳米石墨粉(GNS)作对比添加荆进行了同等试验.结果表明,GECNP均匀分散在UHMWPE中,当线速度为0.25m·s-1,GECNP填充量不高于3%时,UHMWPE/GECNP复合材料与空白UHMWPE相比磨损率降低,摩擦系数保持不变,综合性能优于UHMWPE/Copper和UHMWPE/GNS.当GECNP填充量为1%时,磨损率最低,与空白样相比降低了53.9 %,摩擦系数也略有降低.     

隔离结构石墨烯-多壁碳纳米管/超高分子量聚乙烯导电复合材料阻温特性

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)及石墨烯(GNS)为填料,超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)为基体,采用溶液共混及模压工艺制备了具有隔离结构的混合填充导电复合材料。扫描电镜(SEM)和电阻率测试发现,MWCNTs、GNS形成的导电通路相互协作,填料的含量比对复合材料导电网络有明显的影响。复合材料的阻温特性曲线随填料含量比的变化而发生改变,当MWCNTs含量较高时(MWCNTs:GNS=3:1和1:1),复合材料的电阻率随温度升高而升高,在之后的降温过程中电阻率也逐渐升高;当GNS含量较高时(MWCNTs:GNS=1:3),复合材料的电阻率随温度升高而降低,降温过程中电阻率逐渐升高;经过热循环后复合材料的导电性能降低,此时复合材料中的隔离结构被破坏。     

多壁碳纳米管增强炭黑/聚丙烯导电复合材料导电行为

为了充分利用不同导电粒子的导电作用,在炭黑(CB)/聚丙烯(PP)导电复合体系中引入了多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)。研究发现：引入的CNTs分散在CB粒子间起到“桥梁”作用,使体系的导电性能得到明显改善,并且CB∶CNTs为19∶1时其协同导电效果最好,该复合体系出现逾渗现象,对应的导电填料体积分数明显降低。在导电填料总体积分数为4.76%时,少量CNTs的引入就可使复合体系的体积电阻率从109Ω·cm下降到105Ω·cm;同时少量的CNTs能明显抑制炭黑/聚丙烯导电复合材料的正温度效应(PTC),使PTC强度从6.10降低到1.48,PTC转变峰温度从166℃升高到174℃。少量的 CNTs可以使PP的结晶温度提高12℃,对PP结晶的成核作用比CB更加明显。复合体系力学性能随导电填料体积分数增加而明显降低,但因为体积电阻率一定时CB-CNTs/PP体系所需导电填料体积分数较CB/PP体系明显降低,因此少量CNTs的引入能够使复合体系的力学性能得到更大程度的保持。     

具有沉积结构环氧树脂电磁屏蔽材料的制备及表征

文中首先构筑具有三维结构的四针状氧化锌负载银(Ag@T-ZnO)和二维石墨烯纳米片(GNS)的混杂导电网络,随后灌注环氧树脂固化得到具有沉积结构的Ag@T-ZnO/GNS/EP复合材料,系统研究了Ag@T-ZnO和GNS的配比对复合材料屏蔽效能和力学性能的影响。当Ag@T-ZnO和GNS总质量分数为复合材料的20%且二者质量比为9:1时,二者之间的协同作用及独特的沉积导电网络结构赋予了复合材料优异的屏蔽效能和力学性能,在X波段的平均屏蔽效能可以达到83.8 dB,拉伸性能可达到51.6 MPa。为设计制备兼具优异力学性能和屏蔽性能的复合材料提供了新的思路。     

石墨烯纳米片在双连续相聚丙烯/高密度聚乙烯中的迁移行为对其导电性能的影响

通过熔融共混制备了石墨烯纳米片(GNS)/聚丙烯(PP)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)导电复合材料。导电行为研究表明,静态热场下复合材料的电阻率随时间延长而下降,并逐渐达到稳定。动态剪切热场作用下,复合材料的电阻率先下降后上升,当180℃剪切8min时,GNS的体积分数为3.4%的50%PP/50%HDPE混合体系电阻率从104Ω·m降低到100Ω·m,下降了4个数量级。剪切时间延长到18min时,其电阻率又升至103Ω·m。超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜分析显示,热场作用下GNS从PP基体中向HDPE基体内迁移,且热场+剪切场下的迁移更加明显。通过调控剪切热场的作用时间可有效调节GNS在PP/HDPE双连续相中的分布,进而获得具有较优导电性能的复合材料。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.