碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合物的固化行为

用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）研究了4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷环氧树脂（TGDDM）／4,4＇-二氨基二苯基砜（DDS）环氧树脂体系及其多壁碳纳米管复合物的固化行为。碳纳米管加入TGDDM／DDS体系后,起始固化反应速率增大,达到最大反应速率的时间减小,说明碳纳米管对环氧树脂的固化反应有催化作用。和纯树脂相比,在固化反应初期碳纳米管复合物的活化能降低。在玻璃化现象出现以前,Kamal的固化动力学模型得到的结果与实验数据相当吻合。     

DDS含量对TGDDM—DDS体系固化反应机理的影响

报导了采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)跟综4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷四缩水甘油基环氧树脂(TGDDM)与4,4’-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)固化反应的研究结果。观察到随着DDS含量的变化固化反应的放热峰峰温、峰形和放热量有规律的变化。动力学分析结果表明随着DDS含量的增加,固化反应从叔胺催化下的羟基与环氧基的缩合反应机理转变为伯胺和仲胺基与环氧基的缩合反应。     

不同固化剂复配的耐高温环氧树脂体系性能

环氧树脂本身是一种热塑性树脂,只有加入固化剂,才能发生交联反应生成三维网状结构的热固性树脂,展现出优异的使用性能。因此,固化剂的选择和复配是决定环氧树脂使用性能的关键因素。4,4’-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)是一种应用较为广泛的高温固化剂,但其有着与环氧树脂混合后黏度较大、需要较高反应温度等缺点。文中选用了3,3’-二乙基-4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷(DEDDM)、4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)、4-甲基1,3-环己二胺(HTDA) 3种固化剂与DDS复配,通过非等温差示扫描量热分析研究了复配固化剂的含量和种类对反应活化能的影响;通过动态力学热分析和热重分析等测试研究了复配固化剂的含量和种类对固化产物热性能的影响。结果表明,复配固化剂DDM摩尔分数为20%时,复合体系的黏度在操作温度80℃时降低了70.4%,平均反应活化能降低了2.99 kJ/mol,玻璃化转变温度仍保持在219℃,符合耐高温树脂的使用要求。综合考虑各方面性能,体系20DDM可用作环氧树脂复合材料体系复配固化剂的首选。     

4,4′-DDS/TPC/3,3′-DDS三元缩合聚合及表征

以4,4′-二氨基二苯基砜(4,4-′DDS),3,3′-二氨基二苯基砜(3,3-′DDS),对苯二甲酰氯(TPC)为单体,通过低温溶液缩聚反应合成了一系列聚芳砜酰胺三元共聚物。用IR、1H-NM R、DSC、TG、电子万能实验机对其结构和性能进行了表征与测试。实验结果表明,温度保持在-15℃,溶液质量浓度为6%时,所得共聚物的特性黏度最高。共聚物的性能随分子结构中4,4-′DDS单元和3,3-′DDS单元的比率变化而变化,高比率的3,3-′DDS对应着良好的溶解性能;高比率的4,4-′DDS则对应着较高的玻璃化温度(Tg)、热分解温度(Td)、拉伸强度和弹性模量等力学性能。     

高性能萘基环氧树脂的合成

采用化学结构改性的方法,以萘酚和福尔马林溶液为原料,合成了分子骨架中相对于苯基体积较大、刚性强、平面结构、疏水性高的萘环为主链结构环氧树脂-2,2'-二缩水甘油醚基-1,1'-联萘(DGEBN)和邻邻'-二缩水甘油醚基-二萘基-亚甲基(DGEFN);然后分别以双氰双胺(DICY)、4,4'-二氨基-二苯基甲烷(DDM)、4,4'-二氨基-二苯基砜(DDS)作为固化剂,对DGEBN、DGEFN、DGEBA固化体系性质进行研究;研究结果表明,萘基环氧树脂固化物比苯基环氧树脂(DGEBA)固化物具有更高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),极好的热稳定性和较低的吸湿性,是一种高性能的新型环氧树脂体系.     

表面活性剂对环氧树脂固化反应及性能的影响

用热分析手段研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100对4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷环氧树脂(TGDDM)/4,4′-二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)环氧树脂固化行为和性能的影响。DSC非等温固化反应动力学研究表明,1%(质量分数,下同)的表面活性剂对固化反应有促进作用,但10%的表面活性剂抑制了固化反应。DSC的等温固化反应中,表面活性剂抑制固化反应的进行。TGA研究表明,表面活性剂的加入对环氧树脂热稳定性影响很小。DMTA研究结果说明,表面活性剂在环氧树脂中起到了增塑剂的作用,并且和环氧树脂是互容的,表面活性剂的加入使得环氧树脂的储存模量减小,玻璃化温度逐渐降低。     

表面活性剂对环氧树脂固化反应及性能的影响EI

用热分析手段研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100对4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷环氧树脂(TGDDM)/4,4′-二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)环氧树脂固化行为和性能的影响。DSC非等温固化反应动力学研究表明,1%(质量分数,下同)的表面活性剂对固化反应有促进作用,但10%的表面活性剂抑制了固化反应。DSC的等温固化反应中,表面活性剂抑制固化反应的进行。TGA研究表明,表面活性剂的加入对环氧树脂热稳定性影响很小。DMTA研究结果说明,表面活性剂在环氧树脂中起到了增塑剂的作用,并且和环氧树脂是互容的,表面活性剂的加入使得环氧树脂的储存模量减小,玻璃化温度逐渐降低。     

聚对苯二甲酰对氨基苯砜的合成与表征

以4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜(4,4’-DDS)与对苯二甲酰氯(TPC)为单体,通过低温溶液缩聚反应合成一系列不同黏度的聚对苯二甲酰对氨基苯砜。并用IR、1H-NMR、DSC、TG、电子万能实验机等对其结构和性能进行了表征和测试。实验结果表明:温度保持在-15℃,溶液质量浓度为6%时,所聚合物特性黏度最高。随着特性黏度的逐渐增大,聚对苯二甲酰对氨基苯砜的溶解性变差,玻璃化温度(Tg),热分解温度(Td)升高。弹性模量、拉伸强度等力学性能也逐渐增大。     

AG80/DDS/PEK树脂改性体系的关键性能研究

以4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷(AG80)为基体树脂,以4,4’-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)为固化剂,制备了树脂体系并进行改性研究。对树脂粘度、凝胶时间、DSC及浇注体力学性能等方面进行了测试。结果表明,通过树脂改性可以增加树脂体系的粘度,减少树脂体系的凝胶时间,树脂体系浇注体的力学性能,随着改性填料的加入呈现出先增强后减小的规律。     

TGDDM与DDS固化过程中的流变学特性

本文以差示扫描量热仪、粘度测定仪以及与理论分析模型相结合的研究方法研究了4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷四缩水甘油基环氧(TGDDM)与4,4’-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)体系固化过程中的流变学特性。结果表明该体系固化过程中粘度值随固化温度、固化时间和固化度的变化是有规律可循的,且可以由下面一个独立的本构方程进行表征: lnμ=lnμ_0+△E_a/RT+k_1α+k_2α~2+k_3α~3式中μ是体系的粘度值,T是温度,α为固化度,α是固化时间t的函数,△E_a为活化能,R为气体常数,K_1、k_2和k_3分别定义为一阶、二阶和三阶固化系数 最后本文根据实验值及上式给出了TGDDM/DDS体系在给定条件下固化反应过程中的粘度-时间、粘度-温度和粘度-固化度的数学表达式。本工作为复合材料基体研究和成型过程中如何掌握其流变学规律提供了可靠的研究方法和理论分析依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.