北京市售15种液态乳品的营养成分分析和比较

为筛选营养品质优良的液态乳品,对北京市售15种液态乳品中水分、总蛋白、粗脂肪、可溶性糖、不饱和脂肪酸、必需氨基酸、3种维生素和8种矿物质元素含量进行了测定和分析,对其营养成分进行比较。结果表明:不同液态乳品水分含量为85.6%～91.0%,总蛋白含量为2.97%～3.57%,粗脂肪含量为0.32%～4.43%,可溶性糖含量为3.97%～4.81%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为0.07%～1.26%,必需氨基酸含量为1.146%～1.337%;各维生素含量分别为VC0.1～1.5 mg/100 g, VA 2.7～72.0μg/100 g, VE 0.036～0.269 mg/100 g;各矿质元素含量分别为磷94.8～118.0 mg/100 g,钾106.0～154.0 mg/100 g,钠37.4～56.0 mg/100 g,钙104.0～152.0 mg/100 g,镁9.8～32.5 mg/100 g,铁0.062～0.173 mg/100 g,锌0.247～0.475 mg/100 g,硒0.126～0.305 mg/100 g。     

木瓜酒发酵特性的研究

对宣木瓜酒主发酵条件采用了正交实验法进行优化.实验结果表明,最佳发酵条件为主含糖量15%、酵母接种量10%、发酵温度25℃、硫酸铵浓度为1000 mg/L;该条件下出酒率为66.3%,酒精度为7.6%vol;宣木瓜酒发酵过程中主要成分含量的变化结果表明,主发酵前维生素C为95.2 mg/100g、总黄酮16.3 mg/100 g、齐墩果酸135 mg/100g.在主发酵结束时维生素C为81.3 mg/100 g、总黄酮15.9mg/100 g、齐墩果酸132 mg/100g.后发酵结束时维生素C含量为47.5 mg/100 g、总黄酮14.8 mg/100 g、齐墩果酸130 mg/100 g.发酵过程中总黄酮、维生素C、齐墩果酸含量明显下降,但相对含量仍很高.     

维铁营养酱油的研究

每100ml酱油中强化铁(硫酸亚铁形式)100mg、核黄素10mg、维生素C400mg。不改变酱油感官性状经加热煮沸10～20分钟,核黄素和维生素C损失在13%以内。经100多天贮存,铁、核黄素和维生素C均较稳定。酱油理化成份不受影响。三个月的食用效果观察,Hb平均升高1.5g/100ml,FEP平均下降13.23μg/100ml,核黄素尿负荷正常率由11.43%提高至68.57%,表明维铁营养酱油对预防和改善缺铁性贫血和核黄素缺乏有明显作用。     

修订婴儿食品的营养价值

美国粮食和药物管理局一九八四年四月二日提出了修改婴儿用食品的营养含量的问题。这次提案中,婴儿用食品的营养素的标准如下所述。即订出各种成份在每100千卡中的最低或最高的标准量。蛋白质:1.8～4.5g。脂肪3.3～6.0g(总热量的30～40%)。亚油酸:最低应在300mg以上(总热量的2.7%)。维生素A:250-750I.U。维生素D:49-100I.U。维生素E:最低为0.7I.U。维生素K:最低为0.004mg。硫胺(维生素B_1):最     

正相高效液相色谱法测定植物油中维生素E的含量

试验建立了正相高效液相色谱法测定植物油中4种维生素E含量的方法。植物油的最佳取样量为0.20 g,在设定的条件下4种维生素E实现了良好的分离,待测维生素E在0.20～6.00μg/m L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(R~20.999), 4种维生素E的定量限分别为0.15, 0.15, 0.12和0.15 mg/100 g,加标回收率在95.2%～102.3%之间。对市售(流通领域)植物油中维生素E含量进行了测定,发现植物油中各生育酚的含量为γ-生育酚δ-生育酚α-生育酚β-生育酚;γ-生育酚含量范围在39.2～285 mg/100 g之间,δ-生育酚含量范围在1.1～70 mg/100 g之间,α-生育酚含量范围在3～51 mg/100 g之间,β-生育酚含量范围在0.2～6.7 mg/100 g之间。同时测定了餐饮领域的植物油中维生素E含量,发现煎炸用油的α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量均普遍较低。     

天蒙山皇菊营养成分分析和安全性评价

通过测定天蒙山皇菊的主要营养成分及重金属含量,评价天蒙山皇菊的营养价值及安全性。结果表明,天蒙山皇菊中的营养成分有8.49%水分、5.25%灰分、21.41%蛋白质、4.8%脂肪和12%总黄酮。天蒙山皇菊中含有18种水解氨基酸,其含量为20.74%,其中8种必需氨基酸含量为6.46%, 10种药用氨基酸含量为15.92%, 4种增香剂氨基酸含量为7.72%。其维生素C含量为92.4 mg/100 g,维生素B1含量为0.36 mg/100 g,维生素B2含量为0.134 mg/100 g,维生素E含量为10.9 mg/100 g,叶酸含量为2.81 mg/100 g,β-胡萝卜素含量为0.141 mg/100 g。矿质元素中微量元素锶的含量高达3.8 mg/kg,硒高达43μg/kg。铅、砷和镉的含量分别为0.22, 0.047和0.13 mg/kg,汞和锡均未检出。由此可见,天蒙山皇菊重金属指标符合食品卫生要求,是一种高蛋白、富硒高锶的食用菊花,具有良好的保健价值和开发前景,值得进一步研究推广。     

巴旦木的营养评价及乳饮料的开发

经分析测定,巴旦木果仁的主要成分如下脂肪54.06%,蛋白质10.49%,水分6.36%,氨基酸总含量10.05%,脂肪碘价110.2g碘/100g油样,其维生素E含量为8.26mg/100g油样。果仁经一系列处理后,可按下列配比制得风味独特的乳饮料巴旦木果仁4.57%,蔗糖脂(HLB 7～15)0.34%,褐藻酸钠0.5%,明胶0.5%,蔗糖适量。     

甜酒酿营养成分分析与评价

该文检测分析了用纯根霉酒曲发酵而成的甜酒酿的主要营养成分,着重分析了其氨基酸含量和组成情况,为进一步提高其食用价值及开发利用提供科学依据.对甜酒酿的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、还原糖、氨基酸、总酸和酒精度进行了测定,结果表明:甜酒酿含有19种氨基酸,总量为1100mg/100mL～1700mg/100mL,其中谷氨酸含量最高,为190mg/100mL～320mg/100mL;必需氨基酸总量为390mg/100mL～580mg/100mL,占氨基酸总量的比例为32.00%～35.45%.甜酒酿还原糖35.76g/100mL～37.34g/100mL;总酸0.34g/100mL～0.46g/100mL.甜酒酿含有的氨基酸种类齐全,而且糖度和酸度适中,酒精度低,具有较高的营养价值.     

川渝地区榨菜中主要营养物质的解析

本研究解析了川渝地区定型包装榨菜和工厂半成品榨菜中的主要营养物质含量,为人们科学认识榨菜营养价值,合理消费榨菜提供依据。结果表明:榨菜脂肪含量多在1.0 g/100 g以下,定型包装榨菜的脂肪含量高于工厂半成品榨菜。定型包装榨菜与工厂半成品榨菜的粗蛋白含量相接近,多在3.0 g/100 g以下。川渝地区榨菜中钙、铁、锌、硒、镁元素含量范围分别为:460～1 500 mg/kg、10.3～105 mg/kg、1.2～6.2 mg/kg、0.04～0.12 mg/kg、31.8～336 mg/kg,大部分样品中未检出铜元素。川渝榨菜中未检测出维生素C,其维生素B_1、B_2和B_6含量范围分别为0.005 2～0.458 0 mg/100g、0.011 0～0.052 5 mg/100 g、0.011 5～0.090 7 mg/100 g。榨菜的总膳食纤维的含量为5.77～18.62 g/100 g,定形包装榨菜的膳食纤维含量较半成品榨菜明显偏高。川渝地区榨菜是一种低热量低蛋白,富含膳食纤维、硒元素的食品,还含有少量的B族维生素。     

我国酿造酱油产品铁含量状况分析

为了了解我国酿造酱油产品铁含量状况,采用原子吸收光谱法和HPLC法对国内8个省抽样的35个普通酱油和37个铁强化酱油进行了铁含量的检验.结果表明我国普通酱油的铁含量分布范围为0.16mg/100g～37.53mg/100g,平均值为5.98mg/100g,68.6%的产品铁含量低于5mg/100g,25.7%的产品铁含量在5mg/100g～15mg/100g,铁含量超过15mg/100g的产品仅占所检验品的5.7%.铁强化酱油平均铁含量为22.48mg/100g,80.6%的铁酱油产品铁含量标准允许范围内,其中16.1%的产品铁含量偏低,3.2%产品铁含量偏高.检验结果表明,我国普通酱油铁含量控制状况良好,铁酱油质量控制能力总体良好.检验中也发现部分标识为铁强化酱油的产品没有添加铁,且存在普通酱油铁含量较高和铁强化酱油中铁与要求含量不符合的问题.     

杭州市场罐头类食品的双酚A污染调查及其膳食风险评估

目的:调查检测市场上罐头类食品的双酚A含量,明确其膳食暴露风险。方法:在杭州超市采集各类罐头食品样品93个,采用高效液相色谱法测定双酚A含量,采用点评估方法评估其膳食暴露风险。结果:罐头样品双酚A的检出率为29%,平均值为121.7μg/kg,最大值为2 840μg/kg,其中油性的鱼、肉和蔬菜类罐头双酚A含量较高;一般人群来源于罐头食品的双酚A膳食暴露量为0.04—0.20μg/(kg·bw)/d,占TDI的0.4%—2.0%。结论:油性的鱼、肉和蔬菜类罐头食品双酚A含量显著高于饮料和粥类罐头食品;在没有其他重大的暴露来源时,各类人群以罐头类食品为主的双酚A膳食暴露均在可接受的范围内。     

河北省市售食品中双酚A和双酚S残留状况调查与分析

目的了解河北省市售食品(小麦粉、大米、肉类、淡水鱼、海水鱼、饮料及桶装水、肉罐头、鱼罐头和谷物罐头)中双酚A和双酚S残留状况。方法参考食品中化学污染物及有害因素监测技术手册方法,乙腈提取, GCB固相萃取柱净化,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果在检测的356份样品中,双酚A共检出314份,检出率为88.2%,检测结果为小于检出限到514.8μg/kg,罐头食品是双酚A检出最高的食品类别,检出率为100%,检测结果为3.7~514.8μg/kg;双酚S共检出137份,检出率为38.5%,检测结果为小于检出限到93.8μg/kg,肉类食品(畜禽肉和鱼肉)是双酚S检出最高的食品类别,检测结果为小于检出限到268.9μg/kg。结论双酚A和双酚S在河北省不同食品中存在不同程度的残留,其污染情况值得关注。     

The determination of niacin in selected foods by capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography: acid extraction

A robust method for the determination of niacin in raw and cooked meat and fish samples using acid extraction to liberate the niacin from the food matrix and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the determinative steps is described. Niacin is liberated from the food matrix by autoclaving in the presence of 0.8 M sulphuric acid at 121°C for 2 h. C18 and cation exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used to isolate and concentrate the niacin before analysis. CE analyses were performed with an uncoated 50 μm extended light path fused silica capillary column and a buffer comprising of 7.5% acetonitrile and 92.5% of a 1:1 mixture of 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate and 0.02 M disodium hydrogen orthophosphate pH 7. Saccharin was used as the internal standard. The levels of niacin determined by CE compared favourably with those determined by HPLC (canned ham CE 3.5 mg/100 g, HPLC 3.3 mg/100 g; raw lamb CE 7.7 mg/100 g, HPLC 7.7 mg/100 g). The average recovery of niacin added to the samples prior to extraction was 103%. The limit of reporting for the determination is 0.5 mg/100 g. The procedure was suitable for only a limited number of other food types (e.g. fruit, vegetables and nuts). Alkali extraction of these foods using saturated calcium hydroxide followed by SPE cleanup and CE determination provided more reliable results. The limit of reporting for this procedure was 0.2 mg/100 g for fruit and 0.5 mg/100 g for vegetables.     

Nutritive and non-nutritive attributes of washed-up seaweeds from the coast of Ceará, Brazil

This study assesses the nutritive and non-nutritive attributes of washed-up seaweeds from the Brazilian coast. It covers a broad diversity of species (24 red, nine green and four brown) with reasonable levels of proteins (10–14.8%), high ash contents (13–25%), low lipids (below 1%) and high carbohydrate contents (60%). Toxic and/or antinutritional factors were detected, such as low levels of lectins (32 and 64 HU/g of meal for chicken and rabbit trypsin-treated erythrocytes, respectively), tannins (59 mg/100 g), phytic acid (0.45%), high levels of trypsin inhibitors (99.0% inhibition) and -amylase inhibitors (70.5%). The 0/80% fraction showed moderate toxicity to mice (LD₅₀ of 63.8 mg kg⁻¹). The presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.29 mg/100 g), chromium (0.23 mg/100 g), nickel (0.26 mg/100 g) and vanadium (3.56 mg/100 g) was also detected. Despite moderate toxicity and antinutritional limitations, washed-up seaweeds represent a potential food alternative for humans after appropriate processing and environmental remediation to guarantee food safety.     

湖北某典型地区动物源食品中全氟及多氟烷基化合物的污染现状和膳食暴露评估

为了解湖北某典型地区动物源食品（水产类食品、蛋类食品、肉类食品、乳制品）中全氟及多氟烷基化合物（per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）污染水平和组成特征,评估当地标准人通过动物源食品摄入PFASs的暴露风险;以湖北某典型地区居民日常消费的动物源食品（水产类食品、蛋类食品、肉类食品、乳制品）为研究对象,建立了碱消解加固相萃取小柱净化的预处理方法,结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS）测定动物源食品中14种PFASs浓度;结合我国第五次中国总膳食调查中湖北省居民各类食物的消费量和人的标准体重,参考欧洲食品安全局的剂量值,对当地一个标准人通过动物源食品摄入PFASs的暴露风险进行评估。结果表明:各类食品中,14种PFASs的加标回收率范围为81%~120%,相对标准偏差为2.71%~12.28%。在0.1~20 ng/g浓度范围的决定系数（R2）大于0.994。检测限为0.003 ng/g,定量限为0.01 ng/g。湖北某地动物源食品中PFASs污染普遍存在,其中水产类食品中有5种PFASs的检出率达到了100%,水产中总PFASs浓度为0.381～75.114 ng/g,平均值为8.655 ng/kg;蛋类食品中有6种PFASs的检出率达到了100%,蛋类食品中总PFASs含量为1.090～7.581 ng/g,平均值为4.163 ng/g;肉类样品中有1种PFAS检出率达到100%,当地肉类食品中总PFASs含量为0.306～2.512 ng/g,平均值为0.742 ng/g。此外不同种类的动物源食品中PFASs的浓度水平和残留特征存在差异,不同水产品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现鲢鱼（11.680 ng/g）>乌鳢（2.156 ng/g）>鲫鱼（1.766 ng/g）>鳊鱼（1.216 ng/g）>草鱼（0.754 ng/g）的趋势,不同蛋类食品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现鸡蛋（6.049 ng/g）>鸭蛋（2.514 ng/g）的趋势,不同肉类食品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现牛肉（0.765 ng/g）>鸭肉（0.665 ng/g）>鸡肉（0.547 ng/g）>猪肉（0.535 ng/g）的趋势,乳制品中,酸奶中∑PFASs的中位数为0.138 ng/g。经估算,当地一个标准人摄入上述水产类食品和蛋类食品中全氟辛烷磺酸（Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS）危害指数均大于1,会对当地居民产生潜在危害。     

试论天然抑菌剂乳链菌肽(Nisin)在罐头食品中的应用

根据乳链菌肽(Nisin)对食品中的革兰氏阳性菌有明显的抑制作用的原理，将其应用于肉类罐头、蔬菜罐头中后发现，由于乳链菌肽的良好的抑菌作用，可大大降低罐头食品的杀菌强度，在节约能源的同时，更重要的是提高了产品的品质，保证了产品的安全性。     

Analysis of furan in heat-processed foods consumed in Korea using solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC/MS)

Furan (C₄H₄O) is a volatile compound formed during the Maillard reaction and was recently classified as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. It has been reported to occur in various canned and jarred foods that undergo heat treatment. The aim of the present study was to optimise the sample preparation for furan analysis using solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC/MS), according to the food matrix. We also performed the monitoring and risk assessment of furan in various food products. The optimised fibre exposure temperatures, time and amount of sample of liquid, semi solid and paste state foods were 5 g (ml), 50 °C, and 20 min, respectively. The level of furan in canned meat (32.16 ng/g) was the highest among the samples studied. The furan levels in canned fish, canned vegetable, nutritional/diet drinks, canned soups and jarred sauces were 29.40, 22.86, 7.28, 18.54 and 21.52 ng/g, respectively. Furan concentrations in baby food products were between 3.43 and 97.21 ng/g. Exposure estimates (14.59 ng/kg bw/day) of baby foods was the highest among all the tested food samples. However, the exposure estimate of baby foods was lower than that prescribed by the US FDA.     

火腿双孢蘑菇罐头的研究

本试验以云南火腿和优质双孢蘑菇为试验原料,筛选最佳生产配方和工艺,研制一种肉菌复合型的罐头,并对产品的质量进行分析(重点研究产品色泽变化)。结果表明,产品的最佳护色配方为柠檬酸0.1%、护色剂0.03%、保鲜剂0.1%;最佳色泽范围为L值60～62、a值-1.8～-2.3、b值24～25.5;pH值为5.0～5.5;水分含量为65%～70%;SO2残留≤0.03g/kg;通过正交设计方案确定了产品的风味配方为白糖2%、红辣椒油4%、食盐0.2%、味精0.5%;经过保温实验并追踪观察半年,研制出适合于食品企业生产的特色火腿双孢蘑菇软罐头。     

Unexpected sources of vitamin C

Sausages are quite common in the Norwegian diet. Presently the vitamin C content in sausages is listed as zero in the Norwegian Food Composition Table as well as in several other countries’ food composition tables. In the present study, five different kinds of sausages were analysed for relevant nutrients including vitamin C. One composite sample consisting of 15–16 subsamples was analysed for each sausage type. Vitamin C was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection as the sum of l-ascorbic acid and dehydro-ascorbic acid. The vitamin C content in the analysed sausages varied from 11 to 40 mg/100 g. This is explained by addition of vitamin C as an antioxidant by the manufacturer mainly to preserve colour. When recalculating vitamin C intakes from the most recent Norwegian national dietary surveys in adults, children and youths using the updated vitamin C values, total vitamin C intake increased by 3–10%. Other processed meat products such as cold cuts may also contain vitamin C as an antioxidant, and a larger impact on vitamin C intake may be seen if also these products turn out to contain considerable amounts of vitamin C. When planning analytical projects for food composition databases, care should be taken to include vitamin C for products where this vitamin may have been added for antioxidant purposes.     

河南省居民肉及肉制品中铜摄入水平及其风险评估

目的以河南省肉及肉制品中铜为例,演示采用简单分布评估方法,评价河南省居民肉及肉制品饮食中铜摄入情况及其潜在的健康风险。方法 2014—2015年在河南省16个省辖市随机采集肉及肉制品309份,按照食品中铜测定的原子吸收光谱法标准操作程序进行检测,结合河南省2010—2012年开展的居民营养与健康状况监测中肉及肉制品的消费量数据,采用简单分布模型(确定性评估)方法,借鉴文献发表的肉及肉制品对膳食中铜的贡献率,计算河南省不同年龄组人群全膳食中铜摄入水平及其潜在的健康风险。结果肉及肉制品中铜的平均含量为0.556 mg/100 g,中位数为0.060 mg/100 g,不同肉及肉制品中铜平均含量最高为内脏(1.561 mg/100 g),铜平均含量最低的为猪肉(0.068 mg/100 g)。河南省居民每天通过进食肉及肉制品的铜平均摄入量为0.046 mg/d,高端(P95)摄入量为0.144 mg/d。利用文献报道的肉及肉制品贡献率外推全膳食中铜摄入量后发现,河南省居民全膳食中铜的平均和P95摄入量分别为0.638和1.977 mg/d。个体评估结果显示,全人群铜摄入量处于推荐摄入量(RNI)与可耐受最高摄入量(UL)之间的个体比例为21.12%(801/3 792),处于EAR和RNI之间的个体比例为8.10%(307/3 792),而低于平均需要量(EAR)、大于UL的人群比例分别为69.75%(2 645/3 792)和1.03%(39/3 792)。结论河南省全人群膳食中铜摄入量缺乏的风险较高,铜过量的风险较低。