三种晶型淀粉与月桂酸复合对其形貌结构和消化特性的影响

玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和锥栗淀粉等糊化后的3种晶型淀粉通过高压均质与月桂酸作用形成淀粉-脂肪酸复合物,探讨它们的复合指数、形貌结构和消化特性的变化规律。结果表明,3种晶型淀粉均能与月桂酸复合,复合指数与复合物中直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;电镜图可知3种晶型淀粉经糊化和高压均质处理后,淀粉表面变得凹凸不平,与月桂酸复合后体积增大,孔洞被填充,表面变得平滑;X-衍射显示3种晶型淀粉与脂肪酸的复合物在7.8°、13°和20°附近均出现新的衍射峰,说明已由A、B、C型均转为V型;玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和锥栗淀粉与月桂酸复合后,其对应RDS含量分别降低了9.44%、9.01%和9.57%,SDS及RS含量显著增加（P＜0.05）,增强了抗消化性。     

湿热和韧化处理对荞麦淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

为研究湿热和韧化改性荞麦淀粉的消化机制,分别在体系水分含量为15%、20%、25%、30%,温度为100℃的条件和料液比为1:5,体系温度为30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃对荞麦淀粉进行湿热和韧化处理,测定了湿热和韧化处理前后荞麦淀粉的理化性质和消化特性。结果表明：湿热和韧化处理并未改变荞麦淀粉原有的A-型结晶结构,但淀粉的糊化焓显著降低,从7.96J/g分别降低到6.68J/g和2.77J/g。微观结构表明,淀粉颗粒表面出现裂痕和凹陷。同时,经过湿热和韧化处理后的荞麦淀粉中慢消化淀粉（SDS）和抗性淀粉（RS）含量出现不同程度的改变,表现为湿热处理过程中SDS含量增加（HMT-25,HMT-30除外）,RS含量减少,而韧化处理只有（ANN-50）提高了RS的含量,SDS含量也出现了增加（ANN-40,ANN-60除外）。结论：荞麦淀粉可以通过湿热和韧化改变理化结构从而改变消化速率。     

不同品种小米粉体外消化性的测定与分析

用α–淀粉酶和淀粉糖化酶酶解消化小米粉样品,采用3,5–二硝基水杨酸比色法(DNS)测定水解过程中产生的葡萄糖,对不同品种小米粉的体外消化特性进行比较,分析淀粉水解速率,快消化淀粉(RDS)、慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量,以及RDS、SDS、RS含量与直链淀粉含量的相关性。试验结果表明:复1、济12、市售的直链淀粉含量分别为1.96%、30.58%、35.58%;快消化淀粉(RDS)含量分别为87.18%、83.41%、80.73%;慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量分别为4.128 9%、8.72%、12.97%;抗性淀粉(RS)含量分别为8.69%、7.87%、6.31%。     

十种食用豆粉及其淀粉的消化特性研究

以花芸豆、豇豆、小利马豆、小扁豆、鹰嘴豆、小红芸豆、红芸豆、小黑芸豆、小白芸豆和绿豆10种食用豆为试验材料,湿磨法提取豆类淀粉,采用改进的Englyst法测定食用豆粉及其淀粉的体外消化特性。结果表明,食用豆粉的消化特性有差别。生的食用豆粉的RDS、SDS和RS质量分数分别为4.3%~16.6%、17.3%~29.6%、55.0%~78.0%;蒸煮后的RDS、SDS和RS质量分数分别为61.2%~70.6%、2.3%~9.0%、24.0%~34.0%;蒸煮后食用豆粉的RS含量明显低于生的豆粉。生的食用豆淀粉的RDS、SDS和RS质量分数分别为8.1%~18.0%、10.8%~27.1%、56.2%~80.8%;而蒸煮后的RDS、SDS和RS质量分数分别为80.6%~91.3%、0.7%~8.7%、8.0%~11.0%。食用豆粉的RS含量显著高于淀粉,表现出高的抗消化性。蒸煮后食用豆粉及其淀粉的水解速率和水解程度明显高于原豆粉及淀粉,蒸煮熟化促进了消化特性。     

糯米粉储藏过程中的消化性能

研究糯米淀粉的消化性能,与玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉进行对比,研究发现,经过糊化后的淀粉比天然淀粉中的快消化淀粉(RDS)含量增加50%左右,而原先品种不同淀粉的慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量均会减少至10%左右,并且基本没有差异性。糊化后,糯米淀粉的RDS上升到最大,说明淀粉糊化后的消化性能和支链淀粉的含量呈负相关的关系。在短期储藏中,多数淀粉体系中的SDS和RS含量上升幅度均在5%左右,而RDS的含量下降幅度在10%。但糯米淀粉较特殊,因为在储藏早期影响淀粉消化性能的主要是直链淀粉,糯米淀粉主要含的是支链淀粉,支链淀粉的重结晶发生缓慢。所以,在储藏早期其对糯米淀粉消化性能的影响非常小,RDS、SDS和RS含量基本没有变化。     

湿热和韧化处理对莜麦淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

目的 为研究湿热和韧化改性对莜麦淀粉理化性质和消化特性的影响,扩大莜麦淀粉在慢消化主食食品中的应用,方法 分别在体系水分含量为15%、20%、25%、30%,温度为100℃的条件下和料液比为1:5,体系温度为30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃下对莜麦淀粉进行湿热和韧化处理,并采用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和酶解实验等分析湿热和韧化处理前后莜麦淀粉的理化性质和消化特性变化。结果 结果表明,湿热和韧化处理均未改变莜麦淀粉原有的A-型结晶结构,但淀粉结晶度表现为下降趋势,且淀粉的糊化焓从1.49J/g分别降低至0.92J/g和0.8J/g。此外,微观结构表明莜麦淀粉颗粒表面结构出现聚集行为。在体外酶解实验中,经过湿热、韧化处理后的莜麦淀粉中慢消化淀粉（SDS）和抗性淀粉（RS）含量均出现不同程度的增加,表现为湿热处理后RS含量增加显著,而韧化处理则显著提高了SDS的含量。结论 结果表明湿热和韧化处理可以通过改变淀粉结构降低莜麦淀粉的消化速率。     

双螺杆挤压对菠萝蜜种子淀粉消化特性及血糖指数的影响

为探究双螺杆挤压对菠萝蜜种子淀粉(JFSS)的消化特性及血糖指数的影响,采用体外消化试验,考察了JFSS经挤压处理前后的消化性与消化动力学变化,并通过水解指数(HI)、血糖指数(GI),预测了菠萝蜜种子淀粉的餐后血糖水平(PPBS)。结果表明,双螺杆挤压增加了快速消化淀粉(RDS)与慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量,提高了平衡浓度(C_∞)、酶解速率(k)、水解指数(HI)、血糖指数(GI)和淀粉消化率,显著降低了抗性淀粉含量(RS)(P<0.05)。在低水分含量下,增加螺杆转速与机筒温度,RDS含量由47.85%增加到58.91%,且k、C_∞、HI、GI值也均呈现增加趋势,而SDS含量、RS含量呈降低趋势。螺杆挤压使菠萝蜜种子淀粉由致密结构转变为疏松多孔的多面体结构。     

韧化处理对板栗淀粉特性的影响

以燕山板栗淀粉为材料,在30、40和50℃分别进行韧化处理。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射分析(XRD)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)及体外消化法等方法,研究了韧化处理对板栗淀粉颗粒结构、理化特性和体外消化性的影响。研究表明:与原淀粉相比,韧化处理后2种板栗淀粉的直链淀粉含量降低,淀粉颗粒破损率增大,但淀粉仍为C型晶体。随着韧化温度的升高,淀粉颗粒表面出现凹坑和损伤越显著,膨胀度随着处理温度的升高而降低。DSC分析表明,韧化处理使淀粉的糊化温度升高,热焓变化不大。不同的韧化处理温度对板栗淀粉体外消化性有不同的影响,韧化处理使淀粉的快消化淀粉(RDS)含量减少,慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量增大。     

韧化处理对大米淀粉性质的影响

为韧化处理在大米淀粉改性中的应用提供理论依据,作者以余赤早籼米为原料,在不同温度（50~70 ℃）和水分质量分数（45%~65%）条件下对大米进行韧化处理,然后提取韧化处理后大米中的淀粉,以未经韧化处理提取的大米淀粉为对照,研究韧化处理对大米淀粉溶解度、膨润力、糊化特性、消化特性和冻融稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：与对照组相比,经韧化处理的大米淀粉溶解度和膨润力降低;峰值黏度、最终黏度、谷值黏度、回生值和衰减值均有所降低,糊化温度升高,不同韧化处理温度对衰减值的影响差异显著;淀粉中RDS（快消化淀粉）质量分数升高,RS（抗性淀粉）质量分数减少,SDS（慢消化淀粉）质量分数随着韧化处理条件的不同而不同,说明韧化处理提高了大米淀粉的消化性,也使大米淀粉冻融稳定性下降。     

超声波处理对马铃薯全粉理化性质和消化特性的影响

以马铃薯全粉为原料,研究超声处理对马铃薯全粉理化性质和消化特性的影响。结果表明:超声处理使得马铃薯全粉的结晶度增大,晶体结构明显改变,溶解度、膨胀度、吸油性、崩解值、糊化温度和消化特性显著降低。随着超声波处理时间的延长,马铃薯全粉的结晶度、峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度先升高后降低。随着超声波处理时间的延长,快消化淀粉(RDS)含量降低,慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量升高。研究表明,超声处理显著影响马铃薯全粉的理化性质和消化特性(P0.05)。     

淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性和质构特性的变化

采用酶解法和全质构分析分别测定了红薯、绿豆和马铃薯淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中的消化特性和质构特性,并对消化特性与质构特性指标之间进行简单相关和逐步回归分析。结果表明:在25℃储藏10 d内,绿豆淀粉凝胶的老化性能强于红薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉。淀粉凝胶的消化率降低,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量增加,快消化淀粉含量降低;淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏时间的延长逐渐增加,回复值则逐渐减小。快消化淀粉含量、硬度和回复值可作为淀粉凝胶类食品的老化评价指标。     

Digestibility of common native starches with reference to starch granule size,shape and surface features towards guidelines for starch-containing food products

Influence of diverse botanical sources (wheat, maize, waxy maize, cassava, potato, rice or waxy rice) on in vitro native starch digestibility has been investigated. Physicochemical properties (chemical composition, particles size and shape, surface features) of starch granules were determined with a view to explaining digestibility differences between samples. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents were measured according to Englyst method. Potato starch was shown to be composed of large rounded granules having smooth surfaces, which explains its slow enzymatic breakdown. Potato starch displayed the highest RS (86%) content and the lowest RDS content (9.9%). Since RS positively influences health and SDS may result in cell, tissue and/or organ damages, potato starch is an ideal starch nutrient. Conversely, waxy rice starch was rich in amylopectin and displayed small diameters and angular shapes, which are both known to facilitate enzymatic starch hydrolysis. It exhibited a near-zero RS content (0.9%) and a high RDS fraction (60%). According to this study, potato starch exhibited the best nutrient profile, followed up in this order by cassava, waxy maize, wheat, maize and waxy rice starches.     

Digestibility and physicochemical properties of granular sweet potato starch as affected by annealing

The effects of annealing on the digestibility, morphology, and physicochemical characteristics of four types of granular sweet potato starches [Yulmi (YM), Yeonwhangmi (YHM), sweet potato starch from Samyang Genex (SSPS), and commercial sweet potato starch (CSPS)] were investigated. Annealing was performed at 55°C and 90% moisture content for 72 h. Morphology, the branched chain distribution of amylopectin, and the X-ray diffraction pattern remained unchanged during the annealing process. The slowly digestible starch content in annealed YM, YHM, and SSPS starches increased, but did not change in annealed CSPS. The gelatinization temperatures increased, but the gelatinization temperature range decreased with annealing. The swelling factor and amylose leaching decreased, while the close packing concentration increased. Rapid Visco Analyser analysis revealed that annealed starches possessed thermal stability and higher pasting temperatures. It is suggested that the enhanced packing arrangement formed during annealing impacts the digestibility and physicochemical properties of sweet potato starches.     

不同链淀粉含量玉米微晶淀粉理化性质研究

分别以蜡质玉米淀粉、玉米淀粉及高直链玉米淀粉为原料,在酸醇介质中制备不同水解率微晶淀粉,测定不同微晶淀粉水解性能并研究其颗粒形貌、结晶结构、溶解度及消化性。结果表明:淀粉颗粒内部结构致密性依次减弱,支链淀粉含量高的淀粉较易被试剂进攻;经酸醇处理后,三种微晶淀粉均保留原来晶型,颗粒形态没明显变化,没破碎和膨胀出现,但颗粒表面变粗糙;随直链淀粉含量增加,相似条件(水解率和温度)淀粉溶解度逐渐降低;in-vitro消化体系中三种淀粉及其微晶淀粉消化速度依次降低。     

Effect of various processing techniques on digestibility of starch in Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and two varieties of peas (Pisum sativum)

The effect of common domestic processing methods, such as splitting, soaking, boiling and pressure-cooking on the nutritionally significant starch fractions such as rapidly and slowly digestible starches (RDS and SDS), resistant starch (RS) and total starch (TS) in two legumes, Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Yellow and Green peas (Pisum sativum) were studied. The legumes had comparatively high amount (>30%, dry basis) of RS. Soaking of all legumes resulted in reduced starch fractions, possibly due to leaching of soluble fractions. Ordinary cooking of soaked as well as unsoaked seeds led to a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in RS and increase in RDS, SDS and TS. Pressure-cooking led to even greater reduction in RS and a greater increase in RDS. Cooking of legumes gelatinizes the starch and opens up the starch structure which makes them vulnerable to α-amylase hydrolysis. Splitting of legumes markedly affects the digestibility as well as RS content of raw as well as processed legumes indicating that the seed coat plays a key role in the digestibility of starches in these seeds. Overall, the enzyme resistant starch fraction of legumes was rendered more digestible by all the domestic cooking methods used.     

Effect of single and dual hydrothermal treatments on the crystalline structure,thermal properties,and nutritional fractions of pea,lentil, and navy bean starches

Pea, lentil and navy bean starches were annealed at 50 °C (70% moisture) for 24 h and heat-moisture treated at 120 °C (30% moisture) for 24 h. These starches were also modified by a combination of annealing (ANN) and heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The impact of single and dual modifications (ANN–HMT and HMT–ANN) on the crystalline structure, thermal properties, and the amounts of rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) were investigated. Birefringence remained unchanged on ANN but decreased on HMT. Granular swelling and amylose leaching decreased on ANN and HMT. Relative crystallinity, gelatinization enthalpy, and short-range order on the granule surface increased on ANN but decreased on HMT. Gelatinization transition temperatures increased on ANN and HMT. Gelatinization temperature range decreased and increased on ANN and HMT, respectively. ANN and HMT increased SDS and decreased RS levels in all starches. However, RDS levels increased on ANN and HMT in pea and lentil starches but decreased in navy bean starch. In gelatinized starches, ANN and HMT decreased RDS level and increased SDS and RS levels. Changes to crystalline structure, thermal properties and amounts of RDS, SDS, and RS were modified further on ANN–HMT and HMT–ANN.     

超微粉碎处理对木薯淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

为研究超微粉碎改性木薯淀粉及其对消化性的影响,以粒度分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外分析(FT-IR)以及Englyst法为分析手段,研究木薯淀粉经过不同时间(0、15、30、45、60 min)超微粉碎处理后的粒度、微观结构及消化特性的变化。结果表明:木薯淀粉经超微粉碎处理60 min后,颗粒结构被严重破坏,淀粉颗粒之间发生团聚,淀粉粒径由13.50 μm增加至36.17 μm;超微粉碎处理对木薯淀粉的晶型没有影响,仍为A型,但其相对结晶度由21.33%下降至1.14%;木薯淀粉在3000~2800 cm-1与1080 cm-1处的吸收峰强度减弱,表明超微粉碎处理使木薯淀粉的结构遭到破坏,氢键相互作用减弱;天然木薯淀粉的快消化淀粉(RDS)、慢消化淀粉(SDS)、抗性淀粉(RS)的含量分别为3.91%、44.71%、51.38%,经过超微粉碎处理60 min以后,RDS与SDS的含量分别增加至6.87%和45.91%,RS的含量下降至47.21%,说明超微粉碎处理能够在一定程度上改变木薯淀粉的消化性。     

Enhancement of Resistant Starch (RS3) in Amylomaize,Barley, Field Pea and Lentil Starches

Native starches isolated from amylomaize. Glacier high amylose barley, field peas and lentils contained 3–5% (w/w) resistant starch (RS3). Retrograded gels that were prepared from these starches had higher RS3 (6–9%) contents. The effects of gel concentration (% starch), storage temperature and time on the RS3 content of the retrograded gels were investigated; the optimum RS3 content was determined in gels prepared at = 10% (w/v) starch concentration and stored under = 20°C for = 5 days. Annealing of the retrograded starch gels by heating and cooling cycles, further enhanced RS3 content to 9–19%; the effect of annealing temperature and number of heat-cool cycles on the RS3 content of the annealed gel were studied. The hydrolysis of retrograded starch gels by pulanase enzyme or acid (2.2 N HCl), prior to annealing, enhanced the RS3 formation during annealing; the enzyme or acid treatment increased RS3 content of the annealed gel to 15–24% or 17–24%, respectively. The potential molecular mechanism that is responsible for the RS3 increase is discussed.     

Physicochemical characterisation,digestibility and anticonstipation activity of some high‐resistant untraditional starches from zingiberaceae plants

To find new starch sources with particular characteristics, five untraditional starches from zingiberaceae plants were studied about their physicochemical properties, digestibility and anticonstipation activity and compared with starches from traditional sources (potato and corn). All the five starches presented the shape of triangular, with visible thin sheet, which were significantly different from conventional sources. The crystal type of these five starches was B‐type pattern. Swelling power at 75 °C was negatively correlated with crystallinity. There was no significant difference in amylose content between starches from rhizome and tuber of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val., while they displayed significant variability in RS content. Starches from rhizome of Curcuma kwangsiensis, Curcuma wenyujin, Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. and Curcuma longa L. possessed much higher resistant starch content (range from 87.06% to 95.40%) and could better prevent constipation than potato and corn starches, which made them potential for managing diabetes and improving defecation conditions.