典型接地材料在陕北黄土高原土壤模拟液中的短期腐蚀行为

目前,有关陕北黄土高原土壤对典型接地材料的腐蚀研究鲜有报道。采用浸泡试验、EIS测试和表面分析方法,研究了Q235碳钢、镀锌钢、镀铜钢、紫铜和304不锈钢在陕北黄土高原土壤模拟液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:5种典型接地材料在其土壤模拟液中的耐蚀性大小顺序为304不锈钢紫铜镀铜钢镀锌钢Q235碳钢;Q235碳钢的腐蚀产物具有明显的层状结构,腐蚀产物内层紧密,对基体有较好的保护作用,外层疏松,氧化充分;镀锌钢、镀铜钢和紫铜的表面腐蚀产物分别主要为锌和铜的氧化物;304不锈钢的表面未见明显的腐蚀产物。     

镀锌钢在含氯离子锈层中的腐蚀行为

Cl-对镀锌钢在锈层环境中具有强烈的点蚀作用,易引起锌镀层的破坏,造成经济损失。探究其腐蚀机理和腐蚀过程有利于预防Cl-对镀锌钢的腐蚀。采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究镀锌钢在锈层模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为,并应用电子扫描电镜(SEM)观察了镀锌钢在不同浸泡时间的腐蚀形貌。结果表明:镀锌钢在锈层模拟溶液中包含2个时间常数,分别对应锈层和界面的双电层;镀锌钢的阻抗谱随浸泡时间和锈层成分的变化而改变;在无Cl-的锈层溶液中,锈层可以提高镀锌钢的耐蚀性能,在含3.5%NaCl锈层模拟溶液中,Cl-逐步侵蚀并破坏了锈层结构,促使镀锌钢点蚀的发生。     

含氯融雪盐对汽车用镀锌钢腐蚀行为的影响

目前,对热镀锌钢板在含氯融雪盐雪水溶液中的腐蚀行为研究不多。为此,采用浸泡和电化学方法研究了汽车用镀锌钢板及裸钢在不同氯离子含量的模拟融雪盐雪水溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:含氯融雪盐的雪水溶液比纯雪水具有更强的腐蚀性,随着融雪盐含量的增加,汽车用镀锌钢腐蚀速率增加缓慢,腐蚀速率较祼钢降低了约1倍,耐蚀性显著提高。汽车用镀锌钢在含1%Cl-的雪水中发生腐蚀,表面沉积一层由Zn(OH)2和ZnO组成的二次腐蚀产物膜,对镀锌层的溶解起到一定的阻碍作用,但融雪盐中的Cl-破坏了膜的稳定性,使镀锌钢在成膜-破坏-再成膜-再破坏的反复中发生腐蚀。     

海水中Zn（OH）2对镀锌钢腐蚀行为的影响

将镀锌钢试样浸入饱和Zn(OH)2海水溶液中以模拟腐蚀环境,采用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)、极化曲线和交流阻抗谱研究了海水中Zn(OH)2对镀锌钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:电极表面上由于腐蚀产物Zn(OH)2的吸附,镀锌层的膜结构遭到破坏,随着浸泡时间的延长,镀锌钢表面发生腐蚀反应时的电荷转移电阻逐渐减小,自腐蚀电流密度逐渐增大,腐蚀产物Zn(OH)2的吸附诱导了镀锌层表面点蚀的发生。     

5种接地金属材料在北方碱性黄土中的腐蚀行为

为了研究常用接地金属材料在北方碱性黄土中的腐蚀规律,利用极化曲线研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢、纯铜、电镀铜覆钢、连铸铜覆钢、镀锌钢在北京及天津碱性黄土中的腐蚀行为,并利用失重法考察了上述材料现场埋置1 a的腐蚀情况。结果表明:在碱性黄土中纯铜和铜覆钢腐蚀速度相当,低于镀锌钢,且不锈钢在碱性黄土中腐蚀过程存在钝化区间,腐蚀程度远低于纯铜和铜覆钢;利用极化曲线法计算出的腐蚀速度比现场埋置1 a的实测数据明显偏高。     

3种新型接地网用合金钢的耐酸性土壤腐蚀性能

为了减少酸性土壤接地网因腐蚀造成的电网事故、保证电网安全稳定运行,设计并炼制了3种成分的合金钢,并将其用作酸性土壤中的电网材料。采用盐雾试验法研究了3种合金钢的耐酸性土壤腐蚀性能,并与镀锌钢进行了对比。结果表明:在酸性环境中,高硅稀土合金钢的腐蚀速率低于镀锌钢,且其全寿命周期成本不到镀锌钢的80%,满足电网设备全寿命周期成本管理规定。     

pH值和温度对镀锌钢在模拟锈层溶液中电化学腐蚀行为的影响

应用极化曲线和电化学阻抗技术,结合扫描电子显微镜方法,测试镀锌钢在模拟锈层溶液中pH值和温度对镀锌钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响作用。结果表明,镀锌钢在强碱性的模拟锈层溶液中处于钝态,其耐蚀性能随着pH值的升高而增大。温度为0～40℃时,镀锌钢的腐蚀速率变化不大,当温度升高到60℃时,腐蚀速率急剧增大。     

陕西土壤模拟液中3种典型接地金属材料的腐蚀行为

为了弄清3种典型接地金属材料(H62黄铜、Q235钢、镀锌钢)在陕西土壤中的腐蚀情况,采用失重法(外加电流浸泡)、电化学测试、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了其在陕西中部土壤模拟液中的腐蚀行为和电化学规律。结果表明:在有外加电流的模拟液中浸泡,随浸泡时间延长,Q235钢腐蚀速率逐渐变慢,镀锌钢表面镀锌层腐蚀较快,H62黄铜的腐蚀速率变化不大;Q235钢、镀锌钢、H62黄铜的腐蚀产物分别主要为α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、Fe3O4,ZnO、Zn(OH)2、FeOOH、Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6和Cu2O、CuO、CuCl2;在含相同NaCl浓度的模拟液中,H62黄铜的耐腐蚀性能最好,镀锌钢的次之,Q235钢的最差。     

碳钢与镀锌钢在不同气氛混凝土与模拟液中的腐蚀行为

热镀锌被广泛用于钢筋防锈蚀,为探求不同气体氛围以及不同介质环境中镀锌层对钢基体的电化学保护作用的差异,在N_2、饱和CO_2、空气3种气氛下,运用pH值、电位监测、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法分析碳钢和镀锌钢在普通混凝土及模拟混凝土孔隙液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:在N_2、饱和CO_2、空气3种气氛下混凝土的pH值最终分别为12.50、7.41、10.06,模拟液的pH值最终分别为12.50、6.05、8.05;在N_2气氛下,介质对最终电位影响不大,碳钢和镀锌钢都表现为较稳定的钝化状态;在CO_2气氛下,碳钢和镀锌钢的电位都剧烈下降,模拟液介质中的碳化情况比混凝土中的严重,其中模拟液中碳钢的电位稳定,而镀锌钢的电位在第9~13 d有一段上升,此时镀锌钢的腐蚀产物主要为碳酸锌;在空气气氛下,镀锌钢在2种介质中电位都呈现上升趋势,与碳钢的电位差值逐渐减少,其在混凝土中波动更为剧烈,表面生成的锌酸钙随着溶液pH值的降低同时存在溶解与生成现象。     

变电站接地电极的腐蚀与防护研究

为了研究变电站接地网在降阻剂中的腐蚀情况,用化学分析的方法测试了变电站的土壤和所用降阻剂的理化性质,用失重法分析了除去镀锌层后的A3钢电极在土壤和降阻剂中的腐蚀情况.试验结果表明, A3钢电极在弱碱性降阻剂中的腐蚀比在中性土壤中的腐蚀严重,主要原因是降阻剂中含有Cl-使降阻剂成为一种强腐蚀性介质,造成了电极的点蚀穿孔.通过动态恒电位扫描法测定A3钢在各种溶液中的极化曲线以获得各离子对电极的自腐蚀电位和孔蚀电位的影响,结果表明在降阻剂中加入缓蚀剂,如磷酸盐和硅酸盐,可以缓解降阻剂中Cl-对A3钢的点蚀影响,使降阻剂既能降低接地电阻又可缓解接地网的腐蚀.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。