不同循环上限荷载下泥质石英粉砂岩力学特性试验研究

通过开展循环加卸载转单调加载试验和疲劳破坏试验,揭示循环荷载下泥质石英粉砂岩的变形和力学响应特征。试验与研究结果表明,当循环上限荷载位于疲劳强度前后,试件的轴向和横向累计残余应变由单调递增凸曲线向凹曲线延伸,滞回环间距由“疏-密”向“疏-密-疏”发展,残余应变率和滞回环相对面积由L形向U形转化;弹性模量由初始快速上升、下降、缓慢稳定发展3个阶段向单调递减凹曲线转凸曲线衰减;而横向-轴向应变比则由单调递减凹曲线,转变为单调递增凸曲线,然后向凹曲线延伸;随上限荷载的增加,循环加卸载3000次后泥质石英粉砂岩抗压强度先增大后减小,最大增幅较单轴抗压强度高13.62%,而当上限荷载小于单轴压缩弹性上限时,循环荷载作用后的岩石抗压强度略小于单轴抗压强度;当试件发生疲劳破坏时,疲劳寿命与上限荷载呈幂函数分布,疲劳强度约为单轴抗压强度的80%~89%。试件弹性模量整体随着循环上限荷载先增大后减小,而横向-轴向应变比则随上限荷载的增加而增大;提出了循环荷载的“薄弱结构断裂效应”和“压密嵌固效应”,探讨了循环加卸载过程中多孔弱胶结岩石的强度变化特征和力学参数演化机制。     

Analysis of the energy and damage evolution rule for sandstone based on the particle flow method

We use the particle flow code PFC3D to simulate the triaxial compression of sandstone under various radial stresses and loading strain rates to determine the triaxial stress-strain curves, crack propagation path, and contact forces to investigate the failure process of sandstone. We analyze the energy and damage evolution during triaxial compression. The results indicate that the tension and shear-induced cracks increase with the increase of radial stress under the same loading strain rate. Both normal and tangential contact forces exhibit strong anisotropy and increase with radial stress and strain rate. The normal contact force has an approximately symmetrical distribution with respect to the horizontal plane, whereas the tangential contact force has an approximately symmetrical distribution with respect to the axis. For the characteristics of the energy evolution, the boundary energy density, strain energy density, and dissipated energy density all increase linearly with the radial stress, and the boundary energy density increases at the fastest rate, followed by the strain energy density and dissipated energy density. In the post-peak stage the primary energy consumption is the dissipated energy. After that, in the remaining stage the strain energy decreases gradually. By analyzing the evolution of the damage variables in the prepeak area we observed that the damage variable followed an exponential relationship with the axial strain. When the loading strain rate is constant, the damage variable corresponding to the same strain value decreases with increase of radial stress. The results indicate that the increase in radial stress delays the damage acceleration. In contrast, the effect of the loading strain rate on the damage variable is small. The findings reveal the internal structural evolution of rocks during deformation and failure.

     

循环荷载作用下超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能及本构关系模型

对具有不同拉伸应变特性(应变强化和应变软化)的超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)进行了单调和循环荷载作用下的直接拉伸试验。试验结果表明:应变强化UHPC基体开裂后进入多点微裂纹分布的应变强化段,达到极限抗拉强度后进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;应变软化UHPC基体开裂后直接进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;循环荷载下两种类型UHPC的轴拉应力-应变曲线包络线与单调荷载下的应力-应变曲线基本一致;基于刚度退化过程建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉损伤演化方程,根据实测应力-应变曲线和试件的裂缝分布形态建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉本构关系模型,与试验结果基本吻合;采用能量法研究了应变强化UHPC两阶段轴拉本构关系在数值计算时的等效方法。最后,通过无筋应变强化UHPC抗弯试验梁的数值模拟对本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构关系模型和损伤演化方程及相关假定进行了验证,结果表明本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构模型能较好地预测UHPC弯拉构件的极限承载力,轴拉损伤变量能在宏观层面上较好地反应试件的裂缝分布状态。      

循环荷载下大孔隙红砂岩的动力响应及损伤研究

为探究循环荷载下不同孔隙率红砂岩的动力特性和损伤规律,采用SHPB冲击实验系统,选取了2组不同孔隙率的红砂岩进行循环冲击实验,分析大孔隙率红砂岩的动力波形,本构曲线及损伤度,得到不同孔隙率红砂岩的变形模量、峰值应力、峰值应变及损伤度的变化规律。结果表明:不同孔隙率的红砂岩试件在循环荷载下的应力时程基本一致,随着循环次数的增加,岩石经历了孔隙闭合-裂隙开展-应力硬化-应变软化直至破坏的阶段,其变形模量和峰值应变呈现出先减小,再增大,再减小的趋势,峰值应力与速度呈正相关的关系。随着循环次数的递增,孔隙率大的岩石的峰值应力下降趋势大于孔隙率小的岩石,并且损伤累积使岩石在冲击破坏前表现出了较明显的塑性特征,不同孔隙率红砂岩的损伤度变化趋势基本是先增大后减小,孔隙率大的岩石累计损伤度大于孔隙率小的岩石,其损伤裂纹基本都是从透射杆端部开始,随着裂纹的产生扩展直至破坏。     

循环荷载下大孔隙红砂岩的动力响应及损伤研究

为探究循环荷载下不同孔隙率红砂岩的动力特性和损伤规律,采用SHPB冲击实验系统,选取了2组不同孔隙率的红砂岩进行循环冲击实验,分析大孔隙率红砂岩的动力波形,本构曲线及损伤度,得到不同孔隙率红砂岩的变形模量、峰值应力、峰值应变及损伤度的变化规律。结果表明:不同孔隙率的红砂岩试件在循环荷载下的应力时程基本一致,随着循环次数的增加,岩石经历了孔隙闭合-裂隙开展-应力硬化-应变软化直至破坏的阶段,其变形模量和峰值应变呈现出先减小,再增大,再减小的趋势,峰值应力与速度呈正相关的关系。随着循环次数的递增,孔隙率大的岩石的峰值应力下降趋势大于孔隙率小的岩石,并且损伤累积使岩石在冲击破坏前表现出了较明显的塑性特征,不同孔隙率红砂岩的损伤度变化趋势基本是先增大后减小,孔隙率大的岩石累计损伤度大于孔隙率小的岩石,其损伤裂纹基本都是从透射杆端部开始,随着裂纹的产生扩展直至破坏。     

循环荷载作用下粉砂岩疲劳流变损伤模型研究

针对现有流变模型难以有效描述循环荷载作用下岩石变形及疲劳损伤演化特征等问题,开展了粉砂岩循环加卸载试验,分析了不同上限荷载下岩石的流变规律与疲劳特性。基于Kachanov蠕变损伤理论建立损伤变量,引入一个带应变触发和应力阈值的黏塑性元件,与Burgers模型串联构建循环荷载作用下岩石疲劳流变损伤模型;将正弦波应力函数替换流变微分本构方程中的恒定应力,推导岩石在循环荷载下的一维、三维微分型损伤本构方程,再根据叠加原理得到模型的黏弹塑性流变损伤方程。适用性验证表明,新建模型不仅可以精确地反映循环加卸载过程中粉砂岩的衰减、稳态流变阶段,还可以有效地描述上限荷载高于疲劳强度时的加速流变阶段。通过粉砂岩疲劳损伤流变全过程定量化分析,提出加速流变阶段的临界损伤阈值和破坏失稳判据,并给出加速流变阶段的启始时间、持续时间及疲劳寿命预测方法,模型对岩体工程长期稳定性评价具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Experimental testing of reinforced concrete and reinforced ECC flexural members subjected to various cyclic deformation histories

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) materials have been designed to exhibit high tensile ductility compared to traditional concrete. ECCs have also shown improved damage tolerance in compression. When reinforced with steel, ECC components have been proposed for enhanced seismic resistance in structural applications. Because of the uncertainty associated with ground motions, determining an appropriate cyclic deformation history for seismic testing of structural components is a challenge. Three reinforced ECC and three reinforced concrete beams were tested under three different cyclic loading protocols. Cracking, strain in the steel reinforcement, and hysteretic response were monitored. The reinforced ECC beams exhibited an increase in ductility and hysteretic energy dissipated over the reinforced concrete beams, particularly when subjected to a deformation history containing large initial deformation pulses. The presence and magnitude of initial pulses did not affect ductility or failure mode of the ECC beams, and is not expected to be relevant in design of reinforced ECC beams for collapse prevention.     

Synergistic Effects of Frequency and Temperature on Damage Evolution and Life Prediction of Cross-Ply Ceramic Matrix Composites under Tension-Tension Fatigue Loading

In this paper, the synergistic effects of loading frequency and testing temperature on the fatigue damage evolution and life prediction of cross-ply SiC/MAS ceramic-matrix composite have been investigated. The damage parameters of the fatigue hysteresis modulus, fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy and the interface shear stress were used to monitor the damage evolution inside of SiC/MAS composite. The evolution of fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy, the interface shear stress and broken fibers fraction versus cycle number, and the fatigue life S–N curves of SiC/MAS composite under the loading frequency of 1 and 10 Hz at 566 °C and 1093 °C in air condition have been predicted. The synergistic effects of the loading frequency and testing temperature on the degradation rate of fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy and the interface shear stress have been analyzed.     

不同温度下混凝土抗拉疲劳性能试验研究

进行了不同温度下混凝土在等幅重复荷载作用下的抗拉疲劳性能试验研究,分析了不同温度下砼抗拉疲劳强度、刚度、变形规律,建立了相应的疲劳方程及考虑温度影响的统一疲劳方程,并将常温下的砼疲劳性能试验结果同其他研究者的结果作了比较。给出了纵向总应变、割线模量的经验公式,及其第二阶段总应变增长率、割线模量衰减率分别与疲劳寿命的关系式。研究结果,为高温环境下受重复循环荷载作用的砼结构设计和分析提供了试验依据。     

Tensile static, fatigue and relaxation behaviour of closed cell electret PVDF foams

We present the experimental results related to the mechanical behaviour under tensile static, fatigue and compressive relaxation loading of closed cell PVDF electret foams under different loading ratio conditions. The specimens are statically loaded until 60% of their ultimate displacement, and subsequently subjected to cyclic loading under displacement control. The static tests show a stress-strain behaviour and failure mode similar to the one of other polymeric closed cell materials, such as polymetacrylimide-based foams. The fatigue tests show an evolution of the stiffness degradation over the levels of cycles characterised by three distinct phases. The behaviour of the energy dissipated versus the loading ratios and numbers of cycles applied is discussed in this paper, as well as the comparison between the compressive fatigue behavior recorded on similar classes of foams. The compressive relaxation behaviour shows a two-phase dependence over the loading time, with increasing modulus for higher loading ratios, and absence of an asymptotic modulus for long time exposure.     

高温后高强混凝土受压疲劳性能研究

利用电液伺服疲劳试验机,进行了C60高强混凝土的单轴受压疲劳试验,研究了其经100℃、400℃和700℃高温后表观特征、残余应变、疲劳寿命等的变化规律。试验结果表明:高温后高强混凝土的色泽变浅,部分400℃恒温0.5 h、1 h的试块呈铁锈红色,700℃时试块外表呈灰白色;在单轴受压疲劳荷载作用下,高温后高强混凝土的残余应变符合三阶段发展规律,较普通混凝土有更长的第二阶段。定义相对残余应变为损伤变量,建立了高温历程与受压疲劳损伤的关系模型,为经历重复荷载作用与不同加温历程等综合工况下高强混凝土疲劳试验研究及疲劳损伤评价奠定了基础。     

变幅荷载作用下沥青混合料的疲劳损伤试验

为了深入研究沥青混合料的疲劳性能,解决现有疲劳性能研究中没有考虑实际路面所受荷载是变幅、重复的加卸载过程这一关键问题,本文通过加载顺序和加载幅值对沥青混合料粘弹性指标的影响进行试验研究,分析了变幅荷载作用下沥青混合料劲度模量、相位角的变化,并选取耗散能作为损伤变量分析了变幅荷载下沥青混合料的疲劳损伤。试验结果表明:劲度模量与应变加载顺序有关;在低高加载顺序中,相位角在两阶段都表现为随着荷载作用次数的增加而增大,在高低加载顺序中,相位角的变化与高低应变的幅值相关;应变在高低顺序加载下累积耗散能要高于低高顺序下的累积耗散能;当采用的前后加载幅值较大时,这种现象更加明显。     

Dissipated thermal energy and damage evolution of Glass/Epoxy using infrared thermography and acoustic emission

In this paper, we present an experimental approach for characterizing energy dissipation and degradation evolution in a woven Glass/Epoxy (G10/FR4) laminate subjected to fully reversed bending fatigue test. During cyclic loading, a fraction of the input mechanical energy is converted to thermal energy, which results in an increase in the temperature of the specimen. By analyzing the surface temperature and its drop rate after halting the cyclic operation, the dissipated thermal energy (DTE) is estimated. Infrared thermography is used to assess the temperature evolution and to various damage states. Acoustic emission is also utilized to corroborate the thermography results in characterizing the degradation progression. The results of these two non-intrusive techniques show similar evolutionary response revealing the existence of degradation stages. Using calculated DTE, a damage growth model is developed that appropriately characterizes the three damage phases during fatigue process of Glass/Epoxy.     

橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳性能研究

为掌握橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳性能,用粒径为30目的橡胶颗粒以不同掺量代砂制备橡胶混凝土,进行等幅循环荷载单轴受压疲劳试验研究。采用Miner累积损伤理论定义损伤量,并建立橡胶混凝土疲劳应变的损伤模型。使用概率统计方法对橡胶混凝土疲劳寿命的试验结果进行可靠性分析,得到等幅循环荷载作用下橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳寿命分布规律。结果表明:应力水平相同时,橡胶混凝土的疲劳寿命优于普通水泥混凝土,且随橡胶掺量的增加,混凝土的疲劳寿命随之提高。橡胶混凝土的疲劳应变变化符合普通混凝土疲劳应变发展的三阶段规律,橡胶混凝土疲劳寿命服从对数正态分布。采用双对数方程对橡胶混凝土的疲劳寿命进行线性回归分析,可得到P-S-N曲线及疲劳极限强度。     

Relationship Between Hysteresis Dissipated Energy and Temperature Rising in Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites Under Cyclic Loading

In this paper, the relationship between hysteresis dissipated energy and temperature rising of the external surface in fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) during the application of cyclic loading has been analyzed. The temperature rise, which is caused by frictional slip of fibers within the composite, is related to the hysteresis dissipated energy. Based on the fatigue hysteresis theories considering fibers failure, the hysteresis dissipated energy and a hysteresis dissipated energy-based damage parameter changing with the increase of cycle number have been investigated. The relationship between the hysteresis dissipated energy, a hysteresis dissipated energy-based damage parameter and a temperature rise-based damage parameter have been established. The experimental temperature rise-based damage parameter of unidirectional, cross-ply and 2D woven CMCs corresponding to different fatigue peak stresses and cycle numbers have been predicted. It was found that the temperature rise-based parameter can be used to monitor the fatigue damage evolution and predict the fatigue life of fiber-reinforced CMCs.     

双侧压下混凝土静态受拉与受拉疲劳性能研究

进行了双向侧压作用下混凝土静态受拉与受拉疲劳试验。对静态受拉试验的极限抗拉强度、轴向拉伸应变和侧向压缩应变进行了比较分析,轴向拉伸应变因侧压的存在而快速增长,侧向压缩应变也因轴拉作用而增大,而极限抗拉强度则因侧压影响而降低;对受拉疲劳试验,则得到了S-N方程,应力应变曲线,应变、疲劳变形模量比与疲劳次数关系曲线,其特征表现为三阶段规律;并通过定义的对数线性变换把上述三阶段曲线转换为直线;反之,利用这种线性关系可以求得三阶段曲线关系。同时对静态受拉与受拉疲劳试验的相关物理量进行了比较分析,疲劳寿命和疲劳变形模量也因侧压的影响而有较大幅度的降低。     

Mechanical damage of ordinary or prestressed reinforced concrete beams under cyclic bending

The behaviour of metallic materials under repeated loading has been examined since the 19th century, but extended studies are more and more needed especially for reinforced concrete structures such as bridges, where high-cycle fatigue phenomena can be significant. In the present paper, a theoretical model based on fracture mechanics concepts is proposed in order to analyse the mechanical damage of ordinary or prestressed reinforced concrete beams with a rectangular or a T cross-section subjected to cyclic bending. Local phenomena, such as fracturing or crushing of concrete and yielding or slippage of the longitudinal steel reinforcement, are examined. Further, fatigue life is predicted by applying a crack growth law, and the energy dissipated during the plastic shake-down phenomenon is evaluated.     

High‐temperature low cycle fatigue damage assessment in near alpha IMI‐834 titanium alloy

In the present work, evolution of damage under high‐temperature (823 K) low cycle fatigue loading condition in near α IMI‐834 titanium alloy has been studied. The in situ damage has been experimentally measured during cyclic deformation using the alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique. The measured damage curve has been compared with the damage curves calculated through mechanical variables such as cyclic modulus and stress amplitude. The ACPD damage curve has been found most sensitive towards high‐temperature low cycle fatigue damage evolution.     

直接拉伸循环荷载作用下混凝土滞回特性实验研究及定量分析

由于直接拉伸试验较为困难,可靠的数据十分少有。采用液压闭环伺服材料试验机MTS322试验装置(MTS)对混凝土进行了高应力轴拉往复试验,试验采用正弦波进行加载。对混凝土应力和应变的相位差引起的滞回现象进行研究。加载时应变波和应力波的相位差与卸载时不同,加载与卸载的相位差导致了一个不对称的滞后回路。随着加载频率的增加,混凝土的耗散角减小,约为其切线模量的“X”形夹角的一半。     

Damage Monitoring of Unidirectional C/SiC Ceramic-Matrix Composite under Cyclic Fatigue Loading using A Hysteresis Loss Energy-Based Damage Parameter at Room and Elevated Temperatures

The damage evolution of unidirectional C/SiC ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) under cyclic fatigue loading has been investigated using a hysteresis loss energy-based damage parameter at room and elevated temperatures. The experimental fatigue hysteresis modulus and fatigue hysteresis loss energy versus cycle number have been analyzed. By comparing the experimental fatigue hysteresis loss energy with theoretical computational values, the interface shear stress corresponding to different cycle number and peak stress has been estimated. The experimental evolution of fatigue hysteresis loss energy and fatigue hysteresis loss energy-based damage parameter versus cycle number has been predicted for unidirectional C/SiC composite at room and elevated temperatures. The predicted results of interface shear stress degradation, stress–strain hysteresis loops corresponding to different number of applied cycles, fatigue hysteresis loss energy and fatigue hysteresis loss energy-based damage parameter as a functions of cycle number agreed with experimental data. It was found that the fatigue hysteresis energy-based parameter can be used to monitor the fatigue damage evolution and predict the fatigue life of fiber-reinforced CMCs.