滚揉腌制对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响

本实验采用牛霖肉为原料,以出品率、质构特性、感官评定、色差、水分质量分数、水分活度、pH值、蒸煮损失率、腌制液吸收率、水分迁移规律、微观结构及蛋白质二级结构相对含量作为考察指标,将静置腌制牛肉作为对照组,探究了不同滚揉腌制(常压滚揉腌制、脉动真空滚揉腌制、真空滚揉腌制)对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响。结果表明,真空滚揉腌制时,牛肉盐水火腿出品率为122.40%,相比对照组提高了11.85%。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿保水性、质构和微观结构得以改善,感官评定总分最高。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿蛋白质二级结构由无规卷曲等无序结构向α-螺旋等有序结构转变,使其凝胶网络结构的稳定性更强,产品的质构特性更好。综上,真空滚揉腌制更适合牛肉盐水火腿的加工。本研究为牛肉盐水火腿的品质保证和工业化生产提供理论依据,同时也为适宜性牛肉滚揉腌制技术的探究提供参考。     

真空滚揉腌制对伊拉兔肉品质特性的影响

本实验研究了真空滚揉腌制前后伊拉兔肉食用品质特性、质构特性、肌浆蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白、总蛋白溶解度和游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明：真空滚揉腌制可以显著改善兔肉的食用品质,提高兔肉的pH值,改善兔肉的色泽,降低兔肉的蒸煮损失和压榨损失,提高保水性,改善兔肉嫩度和质构特性;真空滚揉腌制会导致肌原纤维蛋白分解、肌浆蛋白溶出、游离氨基酸含量下降,引起兔肉品质特性的变化。     

粉状辅料添加方式和时机对切片火腿品质的影响

为改善猪肉切片火腿质构、口感和系水性问题,以精选猪后腿肉的股四头肌为主要原料,研究滚揉时粉状辅料添加方式(干态或湿态)和添加时机(滚揉初期或末期)对猪肉切片火腿系水性(蒸煮损失、切片杀菌失水率、压榨失水)、质构特性、色泽和感官品质的影响.结果表明,辅料在滚揉结束之前(2h)以干态或湿态形式加入均不利于猪肉切片火腿的系水性,产品的蒸煮损失和压榨损失相对其他组均较大;相反,辅料在滚揉开始时干态加入或配料水时加入均有利于产品的系水性.辅料在滚揉开始时以干粉形式加入的火腿具有最好的质构特性和感官品质,具有最高的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼度,总接受性分值最高,其次为配料水时加入的,而辅料在滚揉结束之前(2h)干态加入或湿态加入火腿的质构特性和感官品质均较差.辅料添加方式和时机对产品的亮度值(L*)有显著性影响,对红度值(a*)有影响,但不显著,对黄度值(b*)无影响.     

滚揉时间和食盐浓度对鸡肉调理制品的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质溶出量的影响

以鸡胸肉为实验材料,以腌制吸收率、蒸煮损失、压榨损失,盐溶性蛋白质的溶出量为评定指标,探讨了不同滚揉腌制条件对鸡肉的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质浸出量的影响。结果表明:在0~4℃环境中,延长滚揉时间(0.5~3h)、增加食盐添加量(0.5%~3%)均可显著提高鸡肉调理制品的保水性和出品率,增加盐溶性蛋白质的浓度。当食盐添加量为2.5%、滚揉时间为2.5h时,鸡肉调理制品的保水性、出品率和盐溶性蛋白质浓度均达到较高水平。     

响应面法优化低钠盐水火腿加工工艺

为研究一种低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺,选取复合磷酸盐添加量、盐水注射量、滚揉时间和低钠盐替代比为考察因素,通过单因素实验探究对低钠盐水火腿得率、保水性、质构和异味(仅低钠盐替代比需测定)的影响,利用响应面法,以得率和保水性作为响应值进行优化,并根据实际可操作性调整,得到低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺。结果表明,低钠盐水火腿的最优加工工艺为:复合磷酸盐添加量0.39%,盐水注射量15%,滚揉时间15 h,低钠盐替代比53%。在此条件下,低钠盐水火腿的得率为(93.88%±2.05%),保水性为(87.37%±1.82%),与预测值非常接近。在该工艺下,得到的低钠盐水火腿具有良好的得率、保水性和质构,并且无异味;此外,与普通盐水火腿相比,钠含量降低了27%,为低钠盐水火腿的加工提供了技术支撑。     

真空滚揉—超高压制备调理鸡胸肉的工艺优化

以保水率和蒸煮损失率为评价指标,分别采用正交试验和响应面分析法优化低磷保水剂配比和真空滚揉—超高压制备调理鸡胸肉工艺条件,并对处理后的调理鸡胸肉的质构指标进行测定。研究结果表明,最佳低磷保水剂配比为焦磷酸钠0.2%、淀粉7.0%、碳酸氢钠1.5%,最佳真空滚揉—超高压制备工艺条件为真空滚揉时间31min、超高压处理时间10min、压力190 MPa,经处理后调理鸡胸肉的平均保水率为13.69%,并且具有较好的质构品质。通过复合低磷保水剂及真空滚揉结合超高压技术能够改善调理鸡胸肉制品保水性和品质。     

滚揉和腌制液对西式火腿品质的影响

介绍西式火腿的特点和基本加工工艺,以及滚揉和腌制液在西式火腿加工中的作用目的和原理。分别阐述滚揉和腌制液对西式火腿的蒸煮产量、质构、嫩度等加工特性以及感官品质的影响。讨论目前我国西式火腿生产过程中滚揉参数以及腌制液配比优化问题。     

现代滚揉腌制工艺对低盐火腿风干成熟中品质变化的影响

本研究以猪后腿为原料,采用现代滚揉腌制及风干成熟工艺加工低盐火腿,并分析滚揉腌制对火腿半膜肌及股二头肌品质的影响。结果表明,现代滚揉腌制对火腿理化品质有显著的影响(p0.05),具体表现为半膜肌中水分含量显著高于对照组(p0.05),股二头肌中实验组水分含量显著低于对照组(p0.05),食盐含量显著高于对照组(p0.05),半膜肌和股二头肌中水分及盐分含量差异较小,在火腿风干成熟过程中,滚揉腌制对火腿色差L*、a*、b*变化趋势影响较小;与对照组相比,滚揉腌制能显著降低半膜肌和股二头肌的硬度(p0.05),显著改善了火腿的质构特性。并且对半膜肌和股二头肌中游离脂肪酸重量、蛋白质水解指数及感官品质无显著影响(p0.05)。因此,现代滚揉腌制能平衡火腿半膜肌及股二头肌的理化品质,促进产品的内外部位品质的稳定性。     

复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响

为研究复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响,通过单因素和L9（34）正交试验,以蒸煮损失、低场核磁共振自旋-自弛豫时间（T2）和感官品质为参考指标,确定最适添加量。结果表明：单独添加复合磷酸盐或大豆分离蛋白可以显著改善新型鸭肉火腿的蒸煮损失（P＜0.05）,添加大于0.5%的谷氨酰胺转氨酶会显著降低鸭肉火腿的保水性（P＜0.05）。通过正交试验优化得出的最佳添加量为：复合磷酸盐0.3%、谷氨酰胺转氨酶0.4%、大豆分离蛋白4%。应用此工艺,能够明显改善鸭肉火腿的保水特性和感官品质。     

滚揉时间和食盐水浓度对鸡肉调理制品食用品质的影响

以鸡胸肉为实验材料,以pH值﹑肉色﹑蒸煮出品率﹑压榨损失﹑盐溶性蛋白质溶出量和质构特征为评定指标,探讨了滚揉时间和食盐水浓度对鸡肉调理制品食用品质的影响。结果表明:在0～4℃环境中,增加食盐水浓度(0.0%～9.8%﹚,可极显著增加盐溶性蛋白的溶出量,极显著降低了蒸煮损失率和压榨损失率,显著提高鸡肉调理制品的弹性、咀嚼性和降低肉的硬度,对凝聚性和胶着性影响不显著;延长滚揉时间﹙0.0 h～14.0 h﹚可显著增加盐溶性蛋白的溶出量,极显著降低了压榨损失率,显著提高鸡肉调理制品的凝聚性、弹性、咀嚼性和胶着性,而对蒸煮损失率和硬度影响不显著。滚揉处理提高了鸡肉调理制品的pH值、改善了肉色和食用品质。     

Salt (NaCl) reduction in cooked ham by a combined approach of high pressure treatment and the salt replacer KCl

The food industry must develop effective methods to address the reduction of salt in meat products and contribute to the reduction of salt consumption associated with cardiovascular diseases. This paper investigated the effect of NaCl content (0, 0.95, 1.33 and 1.90%), phosphate content (0 and 0.25%) and the use of high pressure processing (HPP) (100, 300, 600 MPa) at different processing stages (raw material, after injection, tumbling and cooking) on the quality parameters (cooking loss, texture, water holding capacity, color and saltiness perception) in cooked ham. The application of HPP to the raw meat or after its injection was detrimental to the structure and water retention of the salt-reduced cooked ham. Whereas the application of HPP at 100 MPa after tumbling was beneficial. A further salt reduction up to 1.1% NaCl was possible by the salt replacement with KCl (0.2%) in combination with the HP treatment.Industrial relevanceHigh-pressure treatment can help in the production of salt-reduced meat products but efforts are needed to understand the feasible levels of NaCl, phosphates and specific HP treatments to apply in commercial scenarios. The present paper describes a strategy to produce a salt-reduced cooked ham (45% reduction) using a HP treatment at 100 MPa after tumbling stage in combination with KCl (0.2%).     

Effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on quality attributes of cooked ham

This study evaluates effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on cooking rate, cooking loss (CL), colour, water activity and water‐holding capacity of cooked restructured ham rolls. In experiment were investigated three tumbling times (2, 4 and 6 h) at constant temperature (+4 °C) and three cooking temperatures (76, 86 and 96 °C). It was observed that CL decreased (P < 0.01) from 5.41% to 3.22% with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but increased (P < 0.01) from 2.35% to 7.25% along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In contrast, pH value increased (P < 0.01) from 6.18 to 6.24 with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but decreased (P < 0.01) from 6.22 to 6.17 along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In addition, high temperature had higher efficiency for thermal lethality than low temperature (F₀ values were 19 and 92 min at 96 and 76 °C, respectively). Intermediate tumbling (4 h) and cooking (86 °C) could be preferential.     

氯化钠和三聚磷酸钠添加量对蒸煮火腿品质的影响

研究不同氯化钠或三聚磷酸钠添加量对蒸煮火腿保水性、质构特性及颜色等指标的影响。结果表明：随着氯化钠添加量的减少,火腿的蒸煮损失率和二次杀菌失水率逐渐增大,而氯化钠添加量降低至1.25%以下时,火腿的硬度、咀嚼度、弹性、黏聚性及回复性极显著下降（P＜0.01）;添加0.20%～0.50%三聚磷酸钠对于保持火腿良好的保水性具有重要作用,为保持火腿良好的硬度和咀嚼度,其添加量需要控制在0.35%以上。     

OPTIMIZATION OF TUMBLING AND KCI SUBSTITUTION IN LOW SODIUM RESTRUCTURED HAMS

Criteria to reduce sodium in restructured ham were developed by analyzing the effects of tumbling time (X1), tumbling speed (X2), and KCl substitution level (X3). Tumbled (68 kPa abs., 2 ° C) hams, stuffed into two 60 mm diameter water proof casings, were cooked in a water bath at 75°C to an internal temperature of 70±1°C. Quality was measured by evaluating color, shrinkage, textural parameters, water holding capacity (WHC), and sensory attributes. The conditions of XI = 15.6 h, X2 = 12 rpm, and X3 = 15.2% NaCl substitution with KCl minimized shrinkage and maximized cooked yield and WHC. Similarly, the conditions of X1 = 12.4 h, X2 = 16.8 rpm, and X3 = 18.3% substitution provided the optimal sensory attributes.     

超微化雷竹笋膳食纤维对火腿肠品质的影响

为了研究超微化雷竹笋膳食纤维(dietary fiber,DF)对火腿肠品质特性的影响,将2%和4%(以100 g猪肉计)三种粒径(DF1:(177.82±6.25) μm、DF2:(19.87±1.76) μm、DF3:(8.89±0.45) μm)的膳食纤维应用于火腿肠的制作工艺中。采用感官评价、质构分析、低场核磁共振等方法对新型火腿肠进行综合评价。结果表明:添加4% DF3的火腿肠的持水力最大为(90.28±0.54) g/g,与对照相比提高8.50%,膳食纤维能显著提高火腿肠的持水性(p<0.05);添加2% DF3的火腿肠的硬度及咀嚼性下降,但弹性、黏聚性及凝胶强度增强;低场核磁共振中显示新型火腿肠中的水分向快迟豫(即水分结合紧密的方向,T₂时间短的方向)方向移动,结合水比例增加、自由水比例减少更有利于火腿肠储藏;添加2% DF3的新型火腿肠的色差及感官评分与对照组不存在显著性差异,不影响产品销售。综上可知,2% DF3是制备新型火腿肠的最佳选择。     

Effects of different types of carrageenans and carboxymethyl celluloses on the stability of frozen stored minced fillets of cod

Different types of carrageenans and carboxymethyl celluloses were used as additives (5 g/kg) for minced fillets of cod. Samples of these treatments were stored at −18°C for 10 weeks and were evaluated at regular intervals for pH, water holding capacity, texture, extractable myosin and formation of dimethylamine and formaldehyde.
Except Kappa carrageenan the additions improved the water holding capacity of the raw and cooked minced fish and decreased toughening during frozen storage. The addition of Iota carrageenan resulted in samples with remarkable texture stability and so after 10 weeks of frozen storage the texture of this treatment was similar to fresh minced cod. The higher the viscosity of carboxymethyl cellulose, the more it increased the softness and water holding capacity.     

滚揉和腌制液成分对肉块类西式火腿质构的影响

研究了滚揉时间、腌制液中食盐浓度和三聚磷酸钠(STPP)浓度3因素对肉块类西式火腿的质构影响。采用冷鲜的猪里脊肉为原料,每个因素3个水平,按照L27(313)考虑交互作用的正交实验设计,进行滚揉和腌制液的配制,并制作肉块类西式火腿。利用质构仪测定火腿的硬度和弹性。滚揉时间、腌制液中食盐浓度、三聚磷酸钠浓度以及他们的交互作用对火腿的硬度影响显著(p<0.05),增加滚揉时间不能显著提高火腿的弹性,反而增加电能的消耗,食盐浓度和滚揉时间的交互作用对产品弹性的影响显著(p<0.05),并且其交互效益大于食盐浓度和三聚磷酸钠的单独效益。当滚揉时间8h,腌制液中食盐浓度10%,STPP浓度2.0%时硬度品质最优。当滚揉时间4h,腌制液中食盐浓度8%,STPP2.0%时弹性品质最优。     

谷朊粉对马铃薯热干面品质的影响

为提高马铃薯热干面的品质和稳定性,该文在分析谷朊粉基本成分与物化特性的基础上,深入研究了谷朊粉添加量对混合粉特性及对生鲜及熟制马铃薯热干面蒸煮、质构、贮藏等品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着混合粉中谷朊粉含量升高,其持水性下降,吸水膨胀性上升。随着谷朊粉添加量的增加,马铃薯热干面吸水性呈下降趋势、蒸煮损失率呈先上升后下降变化趋势;生鲜湿面和熟面剪切性、拉伸特性均呈先下降后上升变化趋势,且谷朊粉添加量相同时,生鲜湿面剪切性和拉伸特性均高于熟面。谷朊粉最适宜添加量为10%~15%(质量分数),此时马铃薯热干面的剪切力最小,拉伸力和黏度适中,具有较好质构特性。马铃薯热干面熟制后贮存,可提升其品质稳定性。     

不同贮藏温度西式火腿切片品质变化规律研究

为研究市场上低温火腿切片的质量和安全性,对不同贮藏温度的真空包装火腿切片的品质变化进行动态跟踪,分析产品在0～4、7～11℃条件下,其感官品质、菌落总数、大肠菌群、色泽、pH值、水分含量、保水性和质构特性的动态变化。结果表明：两种产品品质变化的规律大致相同。0～4℃贮藏比7～11℃产品的菌落总数增长相对缓慢,pH值、水分含量,保水性和质构特性的变化更加稳定。低温更有利于保持产品品质的稳定性和安全性,延长肉品的货架期。