滚揉时间和食盐浓度对鸡肉调理制品的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质溶出量的影响

以鸡胸肉为实验材料,以腌制吸收率、蒸煮损失、压榨损失,盐溶性蛋白质的溶出量为评定指标,探讨了不同滚揉腌制条件对鸡肉的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质浸出量的影响。结果表明:在0~4℃环境中,延长滚揉时间(0.5~3h)、增加食盐添加量(0.5%~3%)均可显著提高鸡肉调理制品的保水性和出品率,增加盐溶性蛋白质的浓度。当食盐添加量为2.5%、滚揉时间为2.5h时,鸡肉调理制品的保水性、出品率和盐溶性蛋白质浓度均达到较高水平。     

真空滚揉工艺优化对复合低钠替代盐调理牛肉的品质改善

为了满足复合低钠替代盐调理牛肉的工业化生产需求,该研究在单因素试验基础上,研究液料比、滚揉时间、真空度对腌制吸收率和蒸煮损失率的影响,通过中心组合（Box-Behnken）和响应面法确定调理牛肉真空滚揉的最佳工艺,并对静置腌制和滚揉腌制调理牛肉的质构特征、剪切力、水分分布、微观结构进行分析。结果所得最佳滚揉工艺参数：液料比32%、滚揉时间3.0 h、真空度0.06 MPa,在此条件下得到腌制吸收率24.65%,蒸煮损失率为26.39%。滚揉组调理牛肉的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和剪切力均显著低于静腌组（P<0.05）,不易流动水和自由水弛豫时间显著低于静腌组（P<0.05）,并且自由水弛豫峰面积显著高于静腌组（P<0.05）。扫描电镜图显示,滚揉组的肌原纤维结构更加松散,并且有碎片化结构附着表面。结果表明,滚揉处理能够改善调理牛肉的质构特征,提高嫩度,提高保水性,微观上使肌原纤维产生碎片化结构。该研究为复合低钠替代盐调理牛肉的滚揉工艺提供技术支持,为营养型低钠调理肉制品工业化生产提供理论依据。     

超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺对鸭肉食用品质的影响

研究超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺对鸭肉食用品质的影响。冷冻鸭腿肉剔除筋腱修整之后,随机分成2组,采用真空滚揉、超声波辅助变压滚揉2种工艺分别对其进行处理,后依次测定其色泽、剪切力、腌制吸收率、蒸煮损失率及质构5项指标。结果表明:与真空滚揉腌制处理组相比,鸭肉经超声波辅助变压滚揉处理后,肉块色泽方面,亮度值(L*)显著升高(P0.05)、红度值(a*)显著降低(P0.05)、黄度值(b*)显著升高(P0.05);蒸煮损失率、剪切力值显著降低(P0.05);腌制吸收率显著增加(P0.05),处理100 min后,增至35.91%;硬度显著降低(P0.05)、弹性和凝聚性显著增加(P0.05)。因此,超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺在改善鸭肉食用品质方面显著优于传统的真空滚揉工艺。     

调理鸡肉制品的加工条件对鸡肉质地的影响

以鸡胸肉为原料,通过研究鸡肉的加工条件(切片厚度、食盐添加量、磷酸盐添加量以及腌制、滚揉和热处理三段时间)对鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率的影响,筛选出最佳鸡肉质地的加工条件。在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验考察磷酸盐添加量、腌制时间、滚揉时间和热处理时间对鸡肉的协同作用。结果表明:鸡肉的最优加工条件为鸡肉片厚度8 mm、腌制液(啤酒)中食盐添加量0.1%、磷酸盐添加量0.1%、腌制处理时间60 min;滚揉中食盐添加量1.5%、滚揉时间15 min、热处理时间8 min。鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率分别为2230.10g、10 503.88g·s和5.33%。     

真空滚揉腌制对伊拉兔肉品质特性的影响

本实验研究了真空滚揉腌制前后伊拉兔肉食用品质特性、质构特性、肌浆蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白、总蛋白溶解度和游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明：真空滚揉腌制可以显著改善兔肉的食用品质,提高兔肉的pH值,改善兔肉的色泽,降低兔肉的蒸煮损失和压榨损失,提高保水性,改善兔肉嫩度和质构特性;真空滚揉腌制会导致肌原纤维蛋白分解、肌浆蛋白溶出、游离氨基酸含量下降,引起兔肉品质特性的变化。     

真空滚揉—超高压制备调理鸡胸肉的工艺优化

以保水率和蒸煮损失率为评价指标,分别采用正交试验和响应面分析法优化低磷保水剂配比和真空滚揉—超高压制备调理鸡胸肉工艺条件,并对处理后的调理鸡胸肉的质构指标进行测定。研究结果表明,最佳低磷保水剂配比为焦磷酸钠0.2%、淀粉7.0%、碳酸氢钠1.5%,最佳真空滚揉—超高压制备工艺条件为真空滚揉时间31min、超高压处理时间10min、压力190 MPa,经处理后调理鸡胸肉的平均保水率为13.69%,并且具有较好的质构品质。通过复合低磷保水剂及真空滚揉结合超高压技术能够改善调理鸡胸肉制品保水性和品质。     

滚揉时间和添加赖氨酸对低盐蒸煮火腿品质的影响

研究不同滚揉时间和添加0.8%赖氨酸对于低盐蒸煮火腿保水性、质构特性和色泽等食用品质的影响。结果表明：随着滚揉时间的延长,火腿的蒸煮损失率逐渐降低,而赖氨酸的添加可进一步提高火腿的保水性,低场核磁共振结果显示这可能是由于火腿中不易流动水相对含量的增加;延长滚揉时间或添加赖氨酸对火腿质构有一定的改善作用,滚揉时间的延长会造成火腿红度值下降,同时,长时间滚揉或添加赖氨酸会引起蛋白质中的α-螺旋向β-折叠转变以及总巯基含量增加,这间接表明延长滚揉时间和添加0.8%赖氨酸可能有利于蛋白凝胶的形成。因此,延长滚揉时间至40 min和添加0.8%赖氨酸可以开发低盐蒸煮火腿,改善其品质特性。     

马铃薯淀粉添加量对真空滚揉调理鸡柳品质的影响

目的 探讨马铃薯淀粉结合真空滚揉腌制技术对调理鸡柳品质特性的影响。方法 通过测定调理鸡柳的出品率、蒸煮损失、水分含量、水分活度、色差、质构特征和剪切力等指标,探究不同马铃薯淀粉添加量（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5%,w/w）对真空滚揉腌制调理鸡柳品质特性的影响。结果 随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加,调理鸡柳的出品率、嫩度、弹性、回复性、凝聚性、亮度值和红度值显著提高（P < 0.05）。然而,调理鸡柳的水分含量、水分活度、蒸煮损失、硬度则随着淀粉添加量的增加而显著下降（P < 0.05）,黄度值没有显著变化（P > 0.05）。结论 马铃薯淀粉的添加对真空滚揉腌制的调理鸡柳品质特性具有良好的促进作用,且以2.0%为最佳添加量。本研究为更高品质的调理鸡柳的工业生产提供技术支撑。     

滚揉腌制参数对速冻卤肉品质影响

研究以猪肉为原料,探究滚揉真空度、滚揉时间对速冻卤肉出品率、质构特性和营养成分等的影响。结果显示:增加滚揉真空度,腌制吸收率、出品率先增加后减少,卤肉水分、盐分含量逐渐增加(p0.05),蛋白质、脂肪、硬度、咀嚼性、胶粘性逐渐降低(p0.05),对卤肉灰分含量、弹性、凝聚性无显著影响(p0.05)。延长滚揉时间,腌制吸收率、出品率、水分、盐分、脂肪、灰分、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶粘性先增加后减少(p0.05),蛋白质含量逐渐降低(p0.05),对凝聚性影响不显著(p0.05)。     

洋葱汁添加量及滚揉时间对预制牛排品质和贮藏稳定性的影响

为改善传统牛排煎制后汁液流失、肉质干硬、咀嚼性差的现状,本文首先通过对牛排蒸煮损失、色差、质构以及感官评价等指标的测定,来筛选洋葱汁预制牛排中洋葱汁的添加量(0、3%、6%、9%、12%、15%),然后对最佳洋葱汁添加量下预制牛排的滚揉时间(0、5、10、15、20、25 min)进行优化,最后对洋葱汁预制牛排的贮藏稳定性进行分析。结果表明,洋葱汁的添加和滚揉操作的进行均对牛排的食用品质有显著影响(p<0.05)。随着洋葱汁添加量的增加以及滚揉时间的延长,牛排的蒸煮损失、硬度和咀嚼性均呈现先下降后上升趋势,感官评分总体可接受性与之完全相反,先上升后下降。当洋葱汁添加量为9%,滚揉时间为10 min时,调理牛排的蒸煮损失达到最小值,分别为13%和14.33%;弹性达到最大值,分别为0.95、0.94 mm;此时牛排的口感以及总体可接受性评分最佳(p<0.05)。此外,添加了洋葱汁的牛排硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid values,TBARS)和过氧化值(peroxide values,POV)都有明显下降(p<0.05)。综合蒸煮损失、色差、质构和感官评分的结果,选择调理牛排的洋葱汁最佳添加量为9%,最佳滚揉时间为10 min。本研究结果为牛排规模化生产提供有效参考。     

pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪肉匀浆物凝胶质构特性的影响

采用二次通用旋转试验设计,研究了pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪后腿肉匀浆物热诱导凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:不同处理条件对凝胶质构特性的影响存在差异。不同加热温度下,pH值和NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性影响的总体趋势一致且两者存在明显的交互作用。pH值较低时,随着NaCl浓度的增加,凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性均增大;pH值较高时,NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性和胶粘性影响较小,内聚性随着NaCl浓度增加而降低。同时,随着加热温度的升高,凝胶的硬度和胶粘性增大,内聚性和咀嚼性减小,而凝胶弹性变化较小。     

鸡肉火腿肠综合品质的研究

对在超市购买的3 种鸡肉火腿肠的理化指标、感官评定、质构特性、微观结构和色泽进行研究,结果发现：3 种鸡肉肠的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、亮度和白度存在显著性差异,弹性和内聚性无显著性差异,3 种鸡肉肠的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性均依次较小;鸡肉肠A、B 的理化指标测定结果相对较好,鸡肉肠A 的香味最好,鸡肉肠B 的口感、微观结构和色泽最好,鸡肉肠C 的嫩度好。综合各指标总体评价,鸡肉肠B 的综合品质最好。     

食盐和大豆蛋白对牛肉凝胶特性的影响

主要研究了食盐和大豆蛋白对牛肉凝胶特性及颜色的影响,结果表明:随食盐添加量的增加,牛肉糜的凝胶硬度、弹性和粘聚性均增加,亮度L值显著降低,对红色度a值影响不显著;随大豆分离蛋白添加量的增加,凝胶硬度逐渐增加,弹性逐渐降低,对粘聚性的影响不显著,并使牛肉糜的亮度L值显著降低,但对红色度a值影响不显著。     

Effect of Compositional Variation of Gluten Proteins and Rheological Characteristics of Wheat Flour on the Textural Quality of White Salted Noodles

Protein quality parameters of wheat flour, as well as protein content, showed significant relationship with hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and gumminess of the cooked noodles. A significant positive correlation (0.54) was observed between glutenins and hardness of noodles. Chewiness of the noodles increased with the protein content, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume, dough development time, dough stability, and glutenins. Hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of the noodles were negatively affected by gliadin to glutenin ratio. Multiple regression analysis depicted significant relationships of the various noodle quality parameters with wheat flour characteristics. The results revealed that the relative composition of the gliadins and glutenins had a considerable effect on the textural profile of noodles indicating their defining contribution on the noodle quality. The resulting information could be useful in predicting the noodle-quality potential of the varieties.     

刺麒麟菜对鸡胸肉糜凝胶特性和流变特性的影响

为了探究刺麒麟菜添加量对鸡胸肉糜凝胶特性和流变特性的影响,测定其不同添加量时肉糜的色泽、持水 性、质构、凝胶强度及储能模量G’的变化规律。结果表明：随着刺麒麟菜添加量的增加,肉糜色泽发生显著变化 （P＜0.05）,L*值和W值降低,0.4%添加量可显著增加鸡胸肉糜a*值和持水性。添加刺麒麟菜可增加肉糜硬度、 弹性、胶黏性、凝聚性和咀嚼性,降低黏性,对凝胶强度存在显著影响。升温过程中,肉糜储能模量G’经历3 个阶 段：20～46 ℃储能模量G’缓慢降低;46～56 ℃迅速降低;56 ℃之后急剧升高。降温过程中,储能模量G’显著升 高,且添加量越大,终点储能模量值越高。研究表明,添加刺麒麟菜可有效改善鸡胸肉糜凝胶和流变特性,提高鸡 肉制品品质。     

PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF REDUCED FAT BREAKFAST SAUSAGES

Composition, textural, viscoelastic, hydration, color, and sensory attributes of reduced fat (29–5%) pork breakfast sausages and commercial Canadian products (from five different national brands) were investigated. A wide variation in composition of commercial products was observed. In the reduced fat sausages, water holding capacity decreased with the increase in fat content. Cooking loss was not affected much by fat content. Shear force, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were lower in the high fat products. The viscous and elastic properties of the sausages, as measured by stress-relaxation, were not appreciably affected by the fat level. The lower fat (5–9%) products provided average level of hardness. The low fat products (5 and 9%) received lower sensory scores; however, the 13% fat product was as acceptable as the high fat sausages containing 23% fat, which represents the average fat level on the market.     

Instrumental Textural Characteristics of Restructured Carrot Cubes

Studies were carried out on the instrumental textural evaluation of restructured carrot cubes. The experiment was conducted by incorporating different levels of alginate, glucono delta lactone (GDL), and calcium salt to the carrot pulp. Investigations showed that as pulp level increased from 0 to 90%, there was a corresponding decrease in failure stress, failure strain, and deformability modulus. Instrumental textural profile analysis (TPA) parameters viz. hardness, springiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, chewiness, and resilience also showed a similar trend. Effect of formulation variables, i.e., alginate, GDL, and calcium salt on hardness (response variable) were evaluated by the application of response surface methodology. All the three ingredients showed a significant (P < 0.05) influence on hardness of carrot gel. Heat treatment of restructured carrot samples resulted in an increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness while springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience decreased. The data indicated that the shrinkage during thermal treatment may be responsible for the change in textural attributes. The authors concluded that a thermally stable restructured product with appreciable textural integrity can be obtained from carrot pulp.     

TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF PRODUCTS WITH FIVE BINDERS AT FOUR ISOTHERMAL TEMPERATURES1

Texture profile analysis (TPA) and shear force of restructured beef products with one of five binders (isolated soy protein, sodium caseinate, waxy modified corn starch, carrageenan, and oat flour) were analyzed at 35, 45, 55 and 65 C. Hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness were significantly affected (p<0.05) by binders, temperatures and their interactions. Hardness and gumminess showed no significant (p<0.05) differences among binders and temperatures below 45C, but each increased between 45 – 65C. Isolated soy protein gave the highest hardness and gumminess values; oat flour, the lowest at 55 and 65C. Except for oat flour, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness decreased from the raw state until 45C, and then increased. Oat flour gave the highest values for cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness < 45C; the lowest at 55 and 65C. Oat flour gave the lowest shear force (N) values at 55 and 65C. Conclusions were reached that the influence of these binders on the textural parameters of restructured beef products was temperature-dependent.     

几种酶制剂对面粉品质特性影响的研究

研究了多种酶制剂对面粉品质特性的影响,并对其作用机理进行初步分析,结果表明:葡萄糖氧化、酶脂肪酶F、脂肪酶S使得静态抽提麦胶蛋白、酸溶性麦谷蛋白和游离巯基含量和面皮的粘着力都有不同程度的减小,面筋交联度、二硫键含量和面皮的硬度、弹性、凝胶性、咀嚼性、回复性增加,但总巯基含量基本不变;木聚糖酶则增加了硬度、凝胶性和咀嚼性,降低了面皮的弹性和回复性;通过微观结构分析可知,酶制剂可使蛋白质相互结合,蛋白质网络有明显的立体感.