直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系糊化和流变特性的影响

为考察直链淀粉含量对淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系性质的影响,以不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉)为原料,加入瓜尔胶,研究复配体系的糊化、流变及凝胶特性。结果表明:瓜尔胶与直链淀粉之间的相互作用是引起淀粉复配体系黏度和稠度系数增加、成糊温度和流体指数降低的主要原因。动态流变实验结果表明淀粉中直链淀粉含量不同对复配体系的动态模量的影响也不同。在糊化过程中,随着直链淀粉含量增加,直链淀粉分子与瓜尔胶间的相互作用增强,阻碍了直链淀粉分子间的聚集重排,使得复配体系硬度值减小,3种玉米淀粉形成了质地更为柔软的凝胶。     

Effect of guar gum on the rheological, thermal and textural properties of soybean β-conglycinin gel

The effect of guar gum, a non-gelling neutral polysaccharide, on the thermal gelation of soybean β-conglycinin was analysed using the dynamic oscillatory rheological measurement, differential scanning calorimetry and texture profile analysis. The endothermic peak temperature of β-conglycinin in the presence of 0.5% guar gum was about 89.1 °C. However, the endothermic peaks shifted to higher temperatures as the guar gum concentration increased from 0.05% to 0.5%, which could be attributed to the thermodynamic incompatibility with guar gum, resulting in a promoted aggregation of the thermally denatured β-conglycinin. Furthermore, the elastic modulus increased with increasing concentration of guar gum, with a less frequency dependence. In addition, the springiness, cohesiveness and fracturability enhanced but the hardness decreased, as the guar gum concentration increased. The study demonstrated that incorporation of guar gum improved markedly the thermal and functional properties of soybean β-conglycinin thermal-induced gel, which can help better to design new food formulations.     

瓜尔豆胶对搅打稀奶油的搅打性能的影响

研究了不同浓度的瓜尔豆胶对搅打稀奶油乳状液的表观黏度、脂肪球粒度、脂肪球界面蛋白浓度、脂肪球部分聚结率、泡沫硬度和搅打起泡率的影响。结果表明，瓜尔豆胶对搅打稀奶油乳状液的表观黏度影响非常显著；瓜尔豆胶浓度过高或过低，都会使得解冻后的乳状液粒径变大；瓜尔豆胶的质量分数越高，脂肪球部分聚结速度越快，泡沫硬度也越大；搅打起泡率随着瓜尔豆胶质量分数增大而降低。     

Influence of guar gum addition on physicochemical,microbial, rheological and sensory properties of stirred yoghurt

This study investigated the effects of adding guar gum (0, 0.6 and 0.8 g/100 mL) on the physicochemical, microbial, rheological and sensory properties of stirred yoghurt. Incorporation of guar gum into the yoghurt significantly affected the pH and colour, but did not significantly influence the lactic acid bacteria counts. The magnitudes of apparent viscosity (η_a,100), consistency index (K), yield stress (σ_oc), storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) for yoghurt samples containing guar gum (0.6–0.8 g/100 mL) were significantly greater than those for the control (without guar gum), indicating that guar gum can improve the steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of yoghurt.     

乳化剂、亲水胶体及谷朊粉对方便湿面品质的影响

为解决方便湿面因水分含量高易发生老化,硬度增加、弹性下降和口感变差等问题,采用三类添加物即乳化剂（单甘酯、硬脂酰乳酸钠、蔗糖酯）、亲水胶体（黄原胶、瓜尔胶、羧甲基纤维素钠）和谷朊粉对方便湿面面片的色泽、蒸煮品质及储藏期间的质构拉伸特性和水分分布的影响开展了研究。结果表明：蔗糖酯将面片的亮度从95.26显著提高到96.78;三类添加物均显著降低了蒸煮损失,其中添加0.20%硬脂酰乳酸钠使方便湿面的蒸煮损失从5.81%降低至3.00%;储藏期间,添加0.40%单甘酯可使方便湿面的硬度从4 787.44 g降低至2 904.95 g;三类添加物均显著提高了方便湿面的拉伸特性,其中添加0.20%蔗糖酯使方便湿面的拉伸力从17.94 g提高到24.13 g;从水分分布可以发现,乳化剂抑制了结合水的流动,增大了结合水的含量,减小了自由水的流失。综上所述,添加三类添加物均延缓了方便湿面在储藏期间淀粉的老化,使方便湿面的蒸煮损失降低、硬度减小和弹性增加,进而改善了方便湿面的品质,其中添加0.40%的单甘酯和0.30%瓜尔胶的效果较好。     

Effect of Guar Gum on the Physicochemical, Thermal, Rheological and Textural Properties of Green Edam Cheese

In attempts to produce a low-fat cheese with a rheology and texture similar to that of a full-fat cheese, guar gum (within 0.0025–0.01%; w/v, final concentration) was added to low-fat milk. The obtained cheeses were characterised regarding their physicochemical, thermal, rheological and textural properties. Control cheeses were also produced with low and full-fat milk. The physicochemical properties of the guar gum modified cheeses were similar to those of the low-fat control. No significant differences were detected in the thermal properties (concerning the enthalpy and profile of water desorption) among all types of cheeses. The rheological behaviour of the 0.0025% modified cheese was very similar to the full-fat control. Overall, no trend was observed in the texture profile (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity) of the modified cheeses versus guar gum concentration, as well as in comparison with the control groups, suggesting that none of the studied polysaccharide concentrations simulated the textural functions of fat in Edam cheese.     

挤出过程中板栗全粉-瓜尔胶-阿魏酸复合体系的加工特性变化

板栗产品的营养与品质可由板栗全粉的加工及消化特性决定,该研究提出利用挤出处理协同常见食品添加剂瓜尔胶及阿魏酸对板栗全粉进行改性,对其冻融稳定性、吸水性、吸油性、流变学特性以及体外消化特性进行了系统探究。结果显示,挤出协同瓜尔胶提高了板栗全粉的冻融稳定性、吸水性及水溶性,降低了吸油性、起糊温度,增大了崩解值并可调控其糊稳定性。在流变性质方面,挤出协同瓜尔胶作用有助于提高板栗全粉储藏过程中的凝胶刚性,但随着其添加量的增加凝胶刚性减弱。而进一步向体系中引入阿魏酸会增大峰值黏度、起糊温度、崩解值,但对板栗全粉的冻融稳定性、吸水性、水溶性、吸油性影响较小。同时挤出协同3 wt.%瓜尔胶及3 wt.%阿魏酸可使板栗全粉的抗消化组分增加27.00%~32.10%。研究结果表明挤出协同瓜尔胶及阿魏酸处理可有效改变板栗全粉的加工特性,可为新型板栗食品的创制提供基础数据。     

魔芋胶/瓜尔豆胶对猪肉脯品质的影响

本试验研究了魔芋胶与瓜尔豆胶的复配胶体对猪肉脯品质的影响,测定了感官、色差、质构、水分活度、含水量、pH值这六个指标。结果表明:胶体组感官得分均高于空白组,添加0.24%魔芋胶与0.16%瓜尔豆胶的实验组的感官综合得分最高;单独胶体和复配胶的加入均在一定程度上改善了猪肉脯的色泽与质构特性,添加0.24%魔芋胶与0.16%瓜尔豆胶对猪肉脯质构特性的改善最为显著;胶体组猪肉脯水分活度显著降低,含水量显著增大(p0.05),添加0.24%魔芋胶与0.16%瓜尔豆胶的猪肉脯的水分活度最低,仅添加0.4%魔芋胶的猪肉脯的含水量最高;复配胶的可在一定程度上提高猪肉脯的pH值,且随着魔芋胶在复配胶中所占比例的增大,pH值也随之升高。总之,复配胶的加入可改善猪肉脯的感官品质、质构特性及耐贮藏性,添加含0.24%魔芋胶与0.16%瓜尔豆胶的复配胶较利于猪肉脯综合品质的改善。     

Physicochemical,thermal, rheological,and morphological properties of flour from different guar seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) cultivars

In the present study, physicochemical, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties of flours from guar seed cultivars (G80, Ageta 112, and HG365) were assessed. Ageta 112 flours showed the highest protein content (26.78%) and varied significantly from G80 and HG365. The fiber, ash, and carbohydrate displayed significant differences in all three guar cultivars. Maximum gum content was extracted from G80 (41.19%), followed by HG365 and Ageta 112. Assessment of thermal properties revealed G80 flours with highest onset, peak, and endset temperature. Flours from cultivar Ageta 112 were recorded with highest paste temperature and peak viscosity and G80 flours showed lowest setback viscosities. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphological structure of different guar seed flour. Scanning electron micrographs presented the internal structure containing the galactomannans. Several significant correlations between physicochemical, gum yield, and thermal properties were revealed by Pearson correlation.     

瓜尔豆胶对锥栗淀粉糊化和流变学特性的影响

以新鲜锥栗为原料,考察了瓜尔豆胶对锥栗淀粉的糊化特性和流变学特性的影响。结果表明,向锥栗淀粉中添加瓜尔豆胶后,锥栗淀粉糊化溶液的峰值黏度和终值黏度增大,且随瓜尔豆胶添加比例的增加而增大;添加瓜尔豆胶增大了锥栗淀粉的起始糊化温度和峰值糊化温度,提高了锥栗淀粉的吸热焓,使得糊化过程更长,吸热更多。添加瓜尔豆胶后的锥栗淀粉溶液显示为假塑性流体,剪切变稀现象更为明显,具有更大的黏弹性。添加瓜尔豆胶后,混合物形成的凝胶表面空隙中填充物增多,空隙数量减少,且空隙分布更加均匀。     

增稠剂对冷冻面团品质影响的研究

以高筋粉及特一粉冷冻面团为对象,研究添加黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、卡拉胶、聚丙烯酸钠增稠剂对冷冻面团拉伸特性、湿面筋含量、失水率及色泽的影响。结果表明：对于特一粉,黄原胶（0.3%）、瓜尔豆胶（0.8%）、卡拉胶（0.6%）、聚丙烯酸钠（0.05%）添加时,拉伸面积和湿面筋含量最高;对于高筋粉,黄原胶（0.2%）、瓜尔豆胶（1.2%）、卡拉胶（0.6%）、聚丙烯酸钠（0.05%）添加时,拉伸面积和湿面筋含量最高;冷冻面团加入增稠剂后,失水率有所减小,但规律性不强;随着黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、聚丙烯酸钠添加量的增加,L值增大,面团亮度增强,但随着卡拉胶添加量的增加L值减小,面团亮度减弱。     

The effects of date syrup and guar gum on physical,rheological and sensory properties of low fat frozen yoghurt dessert

The effect of adding date syrup (0%, 25% and 50% as sugar replacement) and guar gum (0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% as fat replacement) was examined in respect of physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties of low fat frozen yoghurt. Increasing date syrup and guar gum concentration increased the mixture viscosity and acidity. Guar gum softened the frozen yoghurt whereas date syrup increased the hardness of the product. The control yoghurt was less sticky than samples containing the gum, but date syrup had no significant effect on the samples stickiness. Melt‐down stability of the samples also increased with increase in gum and date syrup concentration. The low fat orange flavoured frozen yoghurt dessert prepared in this study also had good sensory properties.     

十二种常见亲水胶体对馒头品质影响的研究

本文研究了12种亲水胶体不同添加量(0.2%、0.6%、1.0%)对馒头质构、比容、水分含量及持水力的影响。结果表明:适宜浓度的瓜尔豆胶,高甲氧基柑橘果胶在降低馒头硬度及咀嚼性的同时提高了馒头弹性(p<0.05),总体上有效地改善了馒头的质构特性。0.2%的瓜尔豆胶及魔芋胶,0.2%~1.0%的高甲氧基柑橘果胶、阿拉伯胶及乳清水解蛋白,0.6%~1.0%的低甲氧基柑橘果胶及酪蛋白钠使馒头比容显著增加(p<0.05)。在室温及-4 ℃条件下,与空白比较,除阿拉伯胶对馒头持水力无显著影响外,其他亲水胶体均能不同程度的提高显著馒头的持水力。由此可知,添加适宜浓度的瓜尔豆胶、高甲氧基柑橘果胶对馒头综合品质具有较好的改良效果。     

Rheological properties of instant fried noodle dough as affected by some ingredients

An experiment was set up to investigate the influence of ingredients such as moisture, gum and starch on the rheological properties of instant fried noodle dough. The noodle dough was formulated using a mixture of wheat flour (100%), 0–0.3% guar gum, 0–7.5% starch and 30–42% moisture. The rheological properties of noodle dough were influenced by the ingredients and their interactions. Increasing moisture content decreased Young's modulus (E) of dough samples. Addition of gum to dough at a lower moisture content of 30% increased E, decreased the energy at break (EB) and increased the storage modulus (G′) values. Interactions of starch and gum influenced changes in the rheological parameters at higher moisture contents. Increasing starch content in noodle dough with a lower gum concentration increased EB to a point beyond which further increase in starch concentration decreased EB. Gum and starch improved the binding and mechanical network in the dough. Insufficient water in the dough apparently reduced cohesion in the dough whereas excess water reduced the functionality of gum and starch. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of hydrocolloids on the rheological, microscopic, mass transfer characteristics during frying and quality characteristics of puri

Effect of hydrocolloids such as guar gum (GG), arabic gum (AG), carrageenan (CG), locust bean gum (LBG), xanthan gum (XN), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) at 0.5% w/w level on rheological and quality parameters of puri from whole wheat flour was studied. Hydrocolloids like CMC, XN and HPMC increased the water absorption of puri dough, while it decreased in all other samples. The dough development time and mixing tolerance index values increased, while dough stability did not get affected. On addition of hydrocolloid, there was a reduction in the pasting temperature, while the peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and cold paste viscosity values increased. Hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness properties of the puri dough increased with the addition of hydrocolloids. All the hydrocolloids used in general helped in retention of moisture in the puri and hence remained softer and pliable, while there was a significant reduction in the oil content of puri samples containing hydrocolloids. Among the different hydrocolloids used, addition of guar gum at 0.5% w/w level led to puris having improved quality characteristics to a greater extent with respect to moisture retention, lowering of oil content upon frying with softer and pliable texture and better keeping quality. The mass transfer studies confirmed that the mass transfer co-efficient values for moisture loss and oil uptake were lower in puris with guar gum than control.     

Optimization of low-cholesterol–low-fat mayonnaise formulation: Effect of using soy milk and some stabilizer by a mixture design approach

In the present study, the optimized mixture proportions of low cholesterol-low fat mayonnaise contained soy milk as an egg yolk substitute (10%) with different composition of xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG) and mono- & diglycerides emulsifier (MDG) (0–0.36% of each component) were determined by applying the simplex-centroid mixture design method to achieve the desired stability, textural and rheological properties and sensory characteristics for effective formulation process. Results revealed that the best mixture was the formulation contained 6.7% mono- & diglycerides, 36.7% guar gum and 56.7% xanthan gum. The xanthan gum was the component showing the highest effect on all the properties of mayonnaise samples. In addition, an increase of xanthan gum followed by guar gum caused greater values for the stability, heat stability, consistency coefficient, viscosity, firmness, adhesiveness, adhesive force and overall acceptance and lower value for flow behavior index. Depending on the desirable level of xanthan gum, guar gum and mono- & diglycerides, creation of low cholesterol-low fat mayonnaise with properties closely matching those of commercial ones is possible.     

Influence of selected hydrocolloids on triticale starch rheological properties

The aim of the study was to define the influence of selected nonstarch polysaccharides (guar gum, xanthan gum and arabic gum) on several rheological properties of triticale starch pastes/gels, at constant polysaccharide concentration (6.5 g/100 g). These included pasting characteristics, flow curves at 50 °C and mechanical spectra at 25 °C. It was found that the presence of a gum in a system modified the rheological properties of triticale starch gels/pastes, depending on the type and concentration of the gums. In the case of guar and xanthan gums, higher pasting viscosity was observed and the shear stress was increased compared with native starch. The presence of guar gum reduced the degree of thixotropy hysteresis, negative values for this being found for systems with xanthan in spite of their shear‐thinning behaviour. Systems containing arabic gum displayed lower values of pasting and flow viscosity. The type and concentration of gums added to the polysaccharide influenced the viscoelastic properties of the gels.     

Preparation of resistant starch from starch–guar gum extrudates and their properties

Mixtures of starch, guar gum and citric acid were extruded at a temperature of 150 °C and screw speed of 180 rpm. Properties of the extrudates such as bulk density, expansion ratio, apparent viscosity and resistant starch content were measured with different concentrations of guar gum. Extrusion with citric acid influenced the physical properties and resistant starch content of the extrudate. Expansion ratios were lower for samples extruded with citric acid, and decreased as starch–gum concentration increased. The apparent viscosity of the extrudate increased with increasing guar gum concentration; however, citric acid at 2.0% concentration was found to lower the viscosity of the extrudate. Resistant starch content increased from 6.23% for extruded starch only to 14.21% for starch–gum extrudate, and further enhanced to 16.19% with the addition of 2.0% citric acid to the starch–gum extrudate. Resistant starch increased with increase of gum concentration and decreased with increase of starch–gum concentration from 7.5% to 12.5%.     

瓜尔胶和黄原胶对马铃薯淀粉及其变性淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响

研究瓜尔胶和黄原胶对马铃薯淀粉、马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉和马铃薯阳离子淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响。糊化性质实验表明瓜尔胶增加了3种淀粉的峰值黏度和成糊温度,降低了淀粉糊的热稳定性。黄原胶降低了马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉的峰值黏度并提高了糊的热稳定性和成糊温度,但对马铃薯阳离子淀粉起相反作用。动态流变实验表明加入黄原胶显著提高了3种淀粉的GO`、GO`O`值,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,黄原胶对马铃薯阳离子淀粉动态流变学性质的影响最大,瓜尔胶对3种淀粉的动态流变学性质的影响不显著。静态流变实验表明加入瓜尔胶和黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,滞后环面积减少,稳定性提高,两种胶对马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉的作用比对马铃薯阳离子淀粉作用明显,并且黄原胶比瓜尔胶对淀粉作用更为显著。研究发现胶体与淀粉之间的电荷相互作用对复配体系的糊化性质和流变学性质起重要的作用。     

Influence of hydrocolloid type on structural breakdown of vegetable purees during in vitro digestion

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of hydrocolloids on the reformulation of pureed zucchini to obtain a healthy food. Changes in the rheological properties after in vitro digestion and in the sensory acceptability of purees were studied. After saliva addition, the carrageenan puree was the sample that kept its structure more stable with similar G′ and G″ values, whereas the guar gum and HPMC purees exhibited a very small decrease in the viscoelastic functions after mixing with saliva and the starch puree was completely degraded due to the effect of amylase. Regarding sensory properties, the scores of the carrageenan puree were the ones that were closest to the starch puree, so carrageenan puree is a good option for preparing a healthy food without any significant modification in its structure after digestion and in the sensory acceptability properties of a traditional puree.