Preparation of AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billet by new strain induced melt activated method

1 Introduction AZ91D magnesium alloy has received more attention due to its high specific strength, specific rigidity and good dimensional stability and so on[1]. Thixoforming is one of the best methods with regard to forming AZ91D magnesium alloy compone…     

触变模锻成形工艺对镁合金成形件力学性能的影响

采用半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备AZ91D—Y镁合金半固态坯料。分别将3种状态的坯料加热到半固态温度区间进行二次重熔后,进行了触变模锻成形。结果表明,在半固态温度为560℃,模锻压力为200MPa的条件下,半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备坯料分别保温30,20,15min后触变模锻获得最佳力学性能;随着坯料加热温度的升高,触变模锻成形件力学性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势;增加成形压力有利于触变模锻成形件力学性能的提高;在相同成形条件下,等通道角挤压法制备坯料触变模锻后的力学性能最好,近液相线模锻法次之,半固态等温热处理法较差。     

Mg-Al系镁合金半固态坯料制备及触变挤压研究

采用拉伸试验机、金相显微镜和等径道角挤压等试验方法对Mg-Al系镁合金半固态坯料制备及触变挤压过程进行了研究.结果表明,等径道角挤压工艺对Mg-Al系镁合金有很好的应变诱导效果.经过等径道角挤压的Mg-Al系镁合金力学性能高,晶粒细小.等径道角挤压+等温处理方法制备的Mg-Al系镁合金半固态坯的微观组织晶粒细小,球化程度高,微观组织非常均匀.生产的AZ61、AZ80、AZ91D和AM60镁合金角框零件的微观组织细小,抗拉强度分别达到306.8、308.3、299.8、321.6MPa.伸长率分别达到21.6%、28.4%、14.6%和29.6%.     

Reheating microstructure of refined AZ91D magnesium alloy in semi-solid state

By means of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) test, upsetting test and metalloseope, reheating mierostruetures of raw casting ingots, materials prepared by SIMA and materials extruded by ECAE in semi-solid state were investigated. The results show that compared with those of raw casting ingots and materials prepared by SIMA, reheating microstrueture of materials extruded by ECAE is the best and the final grain size is the finest. With increasing holding time, a growing phenomenon occurs in reheating microstrueture of materials extruded by ECAE, which can be described by Ostwald ripening law. The average grain size increases firstly, subsequently decreases and the shape factor of grains approaches to 1 as the reheating temperature increases. With increasing equivalent strain, the average grain size decreases. This demonstrates that reheating material extruded by ECAE technology is a good method to prepare AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billets.     

Preparation and thixoforging of semisolid billet of AZ80 magnesium alloy

Semisolid billet of AZ80 magnesium alloy was prepared by new strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) process and thixoforging experiment was performed. The results show that after as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy is processed by equal channel angular extrusion, microstructure is refined well due to heavy dynamic recrystallization occurring in severe plastic deformation. Compared with semisolid isothermal treatment and conventional SIMA, semisolid billet with fine and spheroidal grains are achieved in new SIMA. Thixoforging process of semisolid billet prepared by new SIMA has many advantages such as good surface quality of final component, high ability to fill cavity and net-shape. The fine and spheroidal grains and high mechanical properties such as tensile strength of 298 MPa and elongation of 28% can be developed in final part thixoforged.     

等径角挤压制备AZ91D镁合金的组织与性能

研究了铸态AZ91D镁合金在等径角挤压（Equal Channel Angular Extrusion,ECAE）后的室温力学性能和微观组织特征。在力学性能方面,铸态AZ91D镁合金经过1道次ECAE变形后,室温力学性能（屈服强度、抗拉强度、延伸率、弹性模量）由86.3 MPa,146.3 MPa,1.84%,42.5 GPa分别提高到144.1MPa,222.8 MPa,3.49%,47.7 GPa;2道次后变为109.1 MPa,268.3 MPa,4.48%,48.9 GPa。在微观组织方面,挤压1道次后,由于枝状晶粒在等径道弯角处滑动和转动时发生破碎,AZ91D镁合金的晶粒和黑色共晶相Mg17Al12沿挤压方向拉长为条带状;挤压2道次后,黑色共晶相开始部分回溶,共晶相有所减少且呈非连续分布。     

Uniformity and continuity of effective strain in AZ91D processed by multi-pass equal channel angular extrusion

AZ91D magnesium alloy was processed by equal channel angular extrusion（ECAE）. The influence of extrusion temperature, extrusion pass and extrusion route on the ultimate strength of the extruded billet was analyzed. The process of multi-pass extrusion was simulated with the method of finite element analysis, and the continuity and uniformity of effective strain in multi-pass extrusion were investigated. The results show that extrusion pass plays the most important role in improving the ultimate strength of AZ91D magnesium alloy, the extrusion route is the second, and the extrusion temperature is the last, From the numerical simulation, there exists the continuity of the accumulated deformation in multi-pass extrusion and the effective strain increases linearly. The tendency of the strain uniformity is different in multi-pass extrusion with extrusion routes. The results of experiment agree with those of numerical simulation.     

Numerical simulation of temperature field of AZ91D magnesium alloy during equal channel angular extrusion

The temperature field of AZ91D magnesium alloy extruded by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) has been simulated using finite element method (FEM). A series of tests were designed to obtain the simulation parameters: flow stress of AZ91D, friction factor and heat transfer coefficient. The simulated temperature agrees well with the measured one. The evolution of temperature and influencing factor was discussed in details. Furthermore, the extrusion pressure of ECAE was analyzed.     

AZ91D镁合金等径道角挤压制备半固态坯数值模拟

基于半固态坯采用等径道角挤压（ECAE）制备的应用背景，采用PRO／E建立了等径道角挤压的几何模型，通过压缩实验获取了AZ91D镁合金的高温应力应变曲线，采用有限元软件DEFORM-3D对ECAE挤压变形过程进行了模拟，分析了内外转角部位的应力（平均应力、最大主应力和等效应力）变化、应变分布情况等，以揭示等径道角挤压变形跟模具内转角半径的关系。结果表明，模具内转角半径不为零时，坯料挤压过程中，将有正虚力存在，并且内外转角应力变化不尽相同；应变分布不均匀，具有一定梯度；内转角部位，除了承受剪切，还受到压缩作用，外转角反之。     

Al2O3sf/AZ91D-Y镁基复合材料二次重熔及等温压缩研究

为了推动半固态加工在镁基复合材料成形中的应用,采用液态浸渗法制备出体积分数为10%的Al2O3sf/AZ91D-Y镁基复合材料,并采用等径道角挤压对镁基复合材料进行了形变诱导。再对镁基复合材料进行了二次重熔,并采用等温压缩实验对镁基复合材料在半固态下的力学性能进行了研究。研究表明：在550℃和560℃时延长保温时间有利于组织的球化,在560℃比550℃时,更加能促进晶粒的结晶球化;在相同的应变速率下,压缩变形时的峰值应力随着加热温度升高而降低;在相同的加热温度下,应变速率越大,峰值应力越大。     

等径道角挤压预变形AZ61镁合金在半固态等温处理中的微观组织演变(英文)

利用金相显微镜和图像分析设备对等径道角挤压预变形AZ61镁合金在半固态等温处理中的微观组织演变进行研究。先利用等径道角挤压对AZ61镁合金铸坯在310℃进行应变诱导,然后将其在半固态进行不同时间的等温处理。研究结果表明:挤压道次、等温处理温度和变形路径影响预变形AZ61镁合金在半固态等温处理中的微观组织演变过程。在将等温处理温度从530℃升高至560℃的过程中,合金的平均晶粒尺寸从22μm增大到35μm。当等温处理温度为575℃时,平均晶粒尺寸减小。当等径道角挤压的变形路径为BC时,预变形AZ61镁合金在半固态等温处理中获得的微观组织晶粒尺寸最小。     

Microstructural evolution and tensile mechanical properties of thixoformed AZ91D magnesium alloy with the addition of yttrium

The microstructure evolution of AZ91D magnesium alloy in the semi-solid state has been proposed or reported in previous literature. However, no detailed investigation has been conducted regarding the relationship between the microstructure and tensile mechanical properties of the thixoformed AZ91D magnesium alloy. In this paper, the microstructure of AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium was produced by the semi-solid thermal transformation (SSTT) route and the strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) route, respectively. Isothermal holding experiments investigated grain coarsening and the degree of spheroidization as a function of holding time in the semi-solid state. The SSTT route and the SIMA route were used to obtain the semi-solid feedstock for thixoforming. The results show that solid particles of the SSTT alloy are spheroidized to some extent but the previous irregular shape is still obvious in some of them. While the SIMA alloy exhibits ideal, fine microstructure, in which completely spheroidized solid particles contain little entrapped liquid. The microstructure of the SSTT alloy is less spheroidized compared with the SIMA alloy under the similar isothermal holding condition. As the holding time increases, the mean solid particle size of the SSTT alloy decreases initially, then increases, while the mean solid particle size of the SIMA alloy increases monotonously at 560 °C. Compared with the SSTT alloy, the SIMA alloy obtains finer grains under the similar isothermal holding condition. The mechanical properties of the thixoformed AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium produced by the SIMA route are better than those of the thixoformed alloy produced by the SSTT route. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation for the thixoformed alloy produced by the SIMA route are 303.1 MPa, 147.6 MPa and 13.27%, respectively. The tensile properties for the AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium thixoformed from starting material produced by the SIMA route are better than those of the AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium thixoformed from starting material produced by the SSTT route.     

Recycling of AZ91 Mg alloy through consolidation of machined chips by extrusion and ECAP

AZ91 Mg alloy recycled by a solid state process and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) exhibited a superior strength. The mechanical properties of AZ91 Mg alloy recycled from machined chips by extrusion at 623 K and ECAP at 573 K and 623 K were compared with those of the reference alloy which was produced from an as-received AZ91 Mg alloy block under the same conditions as the recycled alloy. The recycled specimens show a higher strength at room temperature than the reference alloy. The improvement of the tensile properties is attributed not only to the small grain size, but also to the dispersed oxide contaminants.     

等温处理对挤压态AZ80A镁合金半固态组织的影响

采用应变诱发熔化激活法(SIMA)工艺制备了AZ80A镁合金半固态坯料,研究了保温温度和保温时间对半固态组织的影响。结果表明:随着保温温度的升高和保温时间的增加,AZ80A镁合金的平均晶粒尺寸与液相率都呈上升趋势,形状因子呈先增大后减小的趋势。半固态组织由α-Mg晶粒、Al、Zn元素富集形成的晶界处液相和晶内“小液池”组成,其组织演变分为初始晶粒合并长大,晶粒球化、彼此分离,最终合并粗化3个阶段。采用该种方法制备AZ80A镁合金半固态坯料时合适的保温温度为550 ℃、保温时间为45 min,此时半固态组织的平均晶粒尺寸、形状因子和液相率分别为89 μm、0.795和26.7%。     

Enhancing room temperature mechanical properties of Mg–9Al–Zn alloy by multi-pass equal channel angular extrusion

Influence of equal channel angular extrusion on room temperature mechanical properties of cast Mg–9Al–Zn alloy was investigated. The results show that room temperature mechanical properties of Mg–9Al–Zn alloy, such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation, can be improved heavily by equal channel angular extrusion. Processing routes, processing temperature and extrusion passes have important influence on room temperature mechanical properties of processed Mg–9Al–Zn alloy by equal channel angular extrusion. The optimum room temperature mechanical properties such as yield strength of 209 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 339 MPa and elongation of 14.1%, can be obtained when Mg–9Al–Zn alloy was processed by equal channel angular extrusion for 6 passes at route B_C at 498 K. Large bulk materials of Mg–9Al–Zn alloy with average grain size of 4 μm and high mechanical properties can be prepared.     

AZ91镁合金齿轮类精密零件超塑性模锻成形研究

以开发镁合金精密零件超塑性成形技术为目标,以铸态AZ91镁合金为实验材料,采用等径角挤压工艺对合金进行了组织细化,并用所制备的细晶材料为坯料对两种齿轮类精细零件进行了超塑性成形实验。研究结果表明,AZ91镁合金经过4道次等径角挤压,可以获得晶粒尺寸为2μm~5μm的细晶组织材料。将这种细晶组织材料进行超塑性成形,可以获得轮廓清晰、尺寸精度良好的精密齿轮和铰接杆零件。     

Application of cyclic upsetting-extrusion to semi-solid processing of AZ91D magnesium alloy

The microstructural evolution of AZ91D magnesium alloy prepared by means of the cyclic upsetting-extrusion and partial remelting was investigated. The effects of remelting temperature and holding time on microstructure of semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied. Furthermore, tensile properties of thixoextruded AZ91D magnesium alloy components were determined. The results show that the cyclic upsetting-extrusion followed by partial remelting is effective in producing semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloy for thixoforming. During the partial remelting, with the increase of remelting temperature and holding time, the solid grain size increases and the degree of spheroidization tends to be improved. The tensile mechanical properties of thixoextruded AZ91D magnesium alloy components produced by cyclic upsetting-extrusion and partial remelting are better than those of the same alloy produced by casting.     

流变压铸成形镁合金AZ91D的显微组织与性能

采用双螺杆机械搅拌法制备半固态镁合金浆料,对比研究了液态压铸与半固态流变压铸成形镁合金AZ91D的组织与性能,探讨了半固态成形镁合金铸件的热处理强化机制.试验结果表明,流变压铸成形铸件与液态压铸成形铸件在铸态时的力学性能相当;由于半固态成形减轻了铸件内部气孔、偏析等铸造缺陷,因而T4和T6热处理均明显地提高了半固态成形镁合金铸件的力学性能.研究还得出,液态压铸成形镁合金铸件经过固溶处理之后,其抗拉强度和伸长率也有所提高,但是,时效处理明显地恶化了铸件的力学性能.     

新SIMA法制备铝合金3A21半固态坯料

利用有限元模拟软件模拟不同路径下等径角挤压过程,分析材料等效应变分布情况,通过等径角挤压实验、半固态等温处理实验、金相显微镜、金相检验软件系统等实验方法和分析设备,研究铝合金3A21半固态坯料显微组织晶粒尺寸同等效应变的关系,分析不同工艺参数对晶粒等积圆直径和形状系数的影响。结果表明,随着材料经过ECAE后等效应变的增大,半固态坯料晶粒尺寸减小;随着保温时间的延长,晶粒尺寸增大、圆整度增加。     

Microstructural evolution of equal channel angular pressed AZ91D magnesium alloy during semi-solid isothermal heat treatment

The microstructural evolution of AZ91D magnesium alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing during isothermal heat treatment at 570℃ was investigated. The results indicated that the equal channel angular pressing followed by semi-solid isothermal heat treatment was an effective method to prepare semisolid nondendritic slurry of AZ91D magnesium alloy. During this process, its microstructure change underwent four stages, the initial coarsening stage, the structure separation stage, the spheroidization stage and the final coarsening stage. The microstructural spheroidization effect was the best after being heated for 15 min for the alloy pressed for four passes, and the grain size was the smallest. With the further increase of heating time, the grain size and shape factor increased. When the heating time was kept constant, the grain size and shape factor decreased with the increase of pressing passes.