主轴回转误差引入飞切加工表面微波纹的形成机理与解决方案

为分析超精密飞切机床加工表面微波纹的形成机理,研究了主轴回转误差信息提取与表面形貌仿真技术,获取微波纹误差来源并研究解决方案。首先,在超精密飞切机床主轴上搭载五通道在线电容位移检测系统,并对采集到的信号进行误差分析提取。然后,建立飞切加工表面微观形貌三维仿真模型,仿真分析主轴误差引入的加工表面微波纹,并与表面检测结果比对确定误差来源。最后,通过调整主轴电机控制系统抑制该误差。三维仿真和实测结果相吻合,证实超精密飞切机床主轴转速波动导致的回转误差造成了工件表面1 Hz左右的规律性条纹,对主轴转速控制系统进行数字化改造后,基本消除了该因素导致的表面微波纹,表面粗糙度从5 nm以上抑制到2 nm左右,PV值优于10 nm。超精密飞切机床主轴转速波动会对飞切加工表面微观形貌以及表面粗糙度产生显著影响,需至少控制在0.5 r/min以内。     

大口径光学镜面超精密加工机床的研制

设计制作了最大加工直径为φ880 mm的光学镜面超精密加工机床.该机床采用大理石床身、4轴数控联动、全气浮支承和零传动结构,以实现光学球、非球及自由形面的超精密切削.介绍了机床整体结构特点和性能参数,描述了气浮电主轴、气浮直线导轨、直驱回转工作台等关键技术及部件.该机床主轴回转精度0.05μm,直线伺服轴分辨力1.25 nm,回转工作台角位移分辨力0.009.″在硬铝和无氧铜材料上分别加工出了面形精度0.5μm、表面粗糙度5 nm的φ400 mm球面和面形精度0.5μm/φ100 mm、表面粗糙度8 nm的非球形面.     

DFC-600A超精密单点金刚石飞切机床研制

单点金刚石切削是目前理想的KDP晶体加工方法.本项目立足自主技术研发,通过深入研究KDP晶体的单点金刚石切削机理,突破了超精密空气静压主轴和导轨设计及制造关键技术,解决了气浮主轴和工作台高精度恒速直驱问题,研制成功了超精密单点金刚石飞切机床DFC-600A.通过工艺实验表明,该机床能够实现大口径KDP晶体、铝合金及聚碳...     

机床磁悬浮平台系统机电耦合动力学性能分析

根据磁悬浮支承系统特有的刚度、阻尼特性理论和机床工作平台振动特点建立了主动磁悬浮导轨支承机床工作平台系统的机电耦合动力学模型,并用不同的控制参数对其进行机电耦合动力学性能分析.结果表明调节控制电参数可以改善磁悬浮导轨机床工作平台系统的动力学性能.该研究结果为超高速超精密加工机床工作平台的设计包括平台结构、电磁铁设计以及控制器参数设置等提供了理论依据.     

高刚度滚动直线导轨设计及精度分析

直线导轨因其反应灵敏,安全简单,高承载性,结构明朗等优点一直以来作为最为常见的导轨选择出现在精密的机床中。超精密的机床是由导轨运动系统和主轴运动系统组成的,其中导轨系统的作用是极其重要的,而直线导轨最为常用导轨,它的性能和精度直接决定着机床的整体性能。本文对导轨精度以及影响导轨精度的因素进行了分析,并列举了几个适当的方法提高导轨的精度。     

超精密工件在线直线度多传感器测量方法

在超精密加工中，用多测头方法测量工件直线度时，需要采用误差分离的方法分离出溜板的运动误差，并用一定的算法重构工件表面的直线度．介绍了现有的各种算法，提出了两种新的无理论误差的精确算法以重构工件的直线度．该算法适应于两点法或三点法测量长短工件，能评价任意(包括光滑、非光滑、周期和非周期等)表面，并允许采用大的测头间距．仿真及实测结果表明了算法的优越性，并采用该方法对自研的大理石超精密机床的直线度进行了检测．     

基于机床动态特性的超精密飞切加工表面波纹机理解析

采用超精密飞切加工技术可获得软脆性平面光学元件的最终表面,而元件表面微观形貌的加工可控性对于光学元件使用性能有直接影响。首先运用多尺度小波分解方法,对飞切机床的加工表面波纹进行了特征提取,得到了工件表面波纹的频率组成及占比;然后通过对机床主轴系统的有限元分析,结合冲击振动测试,找到了与工件表面波纹对应的模态;最后通过对机床的在线振动测试及加工实验进一步明确了飞切加工表面微波纹的成因。结果表明:表面波纹在17 mm左右的空间周期上存在最大的分量,显著影响光学元件的精度和使用效果,该波纹由主轴系统在间断切削的冲击响应所引起,可以通过改变主轴结构实现波纹频率和幅值的控制。     

小口径非球面的超精密车削和抛光组合加工

针对目前小口径非球面零件在超精密加工中存在的加工效率和加工精度等问题,分析了现今小口径非球面超精密加工方法及其特点,提出了一种超精密金刚石车削和斜轴磁流变抛光超精密组合加工方法．其中小口径非球面斜轴磁流变抛光方法的特点是抛光主轴采用倾斜安装,并且抛光头由外部旋转抛光体和内部励磁装置两部分构成．通过开发新型的小口径非球面超精密复合加工装备,对小口径单晶硅非球面进行了超精密组合加工实验．实验结果表明工件的表面粗糙度R。由车削后的9．1nm下降到抛光后的3．2mm,证明了该组合加工工艺是提高小口径非球面加工效率和精度的一种有效加工方法．     

试谈机床精度对机床加工精度的影响

影响机床加工精度的因素很多,如机床热变形,机床刚度,耐磨性等,我们仅在这里从机床精度对机床加工精度影响方面来研究提高机床加工精度的措施,其基本思想为：不影响、少影响、用补偿方法来消除,例如：为了加工出高圆度的工件在外圆磨床上,使死顶尖加工外圆,以使主轴回转误差不反映到工件上。再如：在精密螺纹磨床上,为提高工件螺纹的螺距误差,在机床传动链内增加误差补偿环节,以提高了工件的螺距精度。     

光学非球曲面器件塑性域的超精密加工方法

较全面地列举了国内外已实现光学器件非球曲面超精密加工的各种先进方法，并总结出了这些加工方法的优缺点，从这些加工方法中可得出：超精密磨削不仅有较高的磨削效率，而且能获得很高的面形精度和极低的表面粗糙度，它是光学非球曲面器件塑性域超精密加工最为有效的一种方法。     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.