NURBS曲线插补在数控加工中的应用研究

进给速度的变化是机床产生振动和影响加工质量的重要原因之一。为了有效降低进给速率的变化率,从而达到抑制机床振动,提高加工效率和质量的目的。提出基于NURBS曲线插补方法对数控程序进行后处理,通过合理选择基函数、控制点、权因子等参数来实现拟合精度及进给速度的优化。以花瓣曲面零件作为数控加工对象,开展了NURBS曲线插补与直线圆弧插补方式的数控加工仿真与切削加工对比试验分析。结果表明,NURBS曲线插补加工方式具有减少数控加工时间,提高数控加工精度与表面质量,提升机床动态性能的优势。     

基于改进圆弧转接的直线段连续过渡算法

复杂曲面是数控加工中的一种类型,在数控系统加工前,商业软件会将复杂曲面离散成海量直线段逼近,但相邻直线段间速度的不连续性严重影响曲面加工质量,因此常采用轨迹段间插入直线或曲线来改善速度的连续性。基于已有轨迹段间插入圆弧的转接算法,提出一种基于公差的改进圆弧过渡路径规划算法,在保证转接轨迹精度的同时提高了转接速度。进一步,采用一种加速度连续、加加速度有界的7段S形加减速曲线,实现了刀具路径速度规划及插补。基于上述算法进行了曲线加工验证实验,实验结果表明,所提算法能够在达到同等加工精度条件下,显著提升轨迹段间的转接速度(的连续性),提高复杂曲面加工效率。     

数控系统等误差直线逼近节点算法分析与改进

近些年来,复杂零件越来越多,其曲面轮廓往往需要采用数控加工,且加工精度要求也日益提高。非圆曲线是机械零件常见的平面轮廓曲线,但目前绝大多数数控系统只具备直线插补和圆弧插补功能,加工非圆曲线则需要用直线段或圆弧段来逼近非圆曲线。重点分析现有数控系统等误差直线逼近节点算法,指出该算法用于非圆曲线处理时的局限性。在此基础上,提出一种新的基于区域误差检验的等误差算法,并运用VC++编程软件,实现非圆曲线的等误差数控编程系统开发。最后,通过实例非圆曲线验证该算法的有效性。     

非圆曲线的逼近法数控加工

以椭圆形零件的数控加工为例,阐述了逼近法在非圆曲线形零件数控加工中的应用。由于一般数控机床的编程代码只具有直线插补和圆弧插补功能,因此对于非圆曲线的数控加工大多采用小段直线或小段圆弧去逼近轮廓曲线,完成数控编程。     

自由曲面加工中NURBS曲线的插补实现

针对复杂型面零件的高精度曲面加工,传统上应用直线、圆弧和螺旋线等插补。由于曲面轮廓离散成大量微段直线或圆弧来加工,这不仅使编程复杂、代码量膨胀,而且不可避免地带来逼近误差,影响零件的加工精度、表面粗糙度和生产效率。提出一种NURBS曲线的实时插补算法,它基于NURBS曲线的参数表示法来求出优化的曲线参数,实现了NURBS曲线高速、高精度加工的插补控制。试验的结果表明,这种插补方法是有效的。     

螺旋曲面加工刀位轨迹数值算法研究与应用

为了提高复杂螺旋面的加工精度,对其刀位轨迹算法进行研究,提出了基于最小有向距离的刀位轨迹数值计算方法。建立了刀具与工件曲面的三维数值几何模型,并通过坐标变换矩阵来建立与实际加工情况一致的数值计算模型。采用空间离散化思想将刀具与工件两空间曲面的最小有向距离的求解问题简化为一个二维求解问题,保证了求解效率和精度。根据阿基米德插补曲线原理,建立了刀位轨迹的数值计算方法。实例加工结果证明,基于该方法得到的刀位轨迹编制的数控加工程序能够加工出满足精度要求的螺旋面。     

辛普森积分法在双NURBS曲线随动插补中的应用

提出一种精确计算插补步长的双NURBS曲线随动插补算法。首先由曲面数控加工的离散刀位数据分别拟合出刀尖点和刀轴点NURBS曲线,并建立两条曲线插补参数间的随动关系模型;然后采用辛普森积分法计算出曲线的总弧长,进行插补运动的加减速规划;再以刀尖点NURBS曲线为基准确定插补参数,采用辛普森法确定各插补周期的进给步长及插补点坐标;最后依据随动关系模型获得刀轴点NURBS曲线对应的插补参数,完成曲面加工刀路规划的刀具位姿插补。仿真实验表明,与同一参数插补法相比,参数随动法可以获得更加稳定的等距效果,便于实时控制插补过程中的刀轴位置和姿态。     

凸轮轮廓的数控插补算法研究

普通的数控系统只具有直线和圆弧插补功能,对于凸轮这类轮廓中含有非圆曲线的零件不能直接进行数控加工,需要先通过一定的插补拟合算法用直线或者圆弧来代替轮廓中的非圆曲线.本文重点研究了近似双圆弧插补算法的原理和控制方法,通过具体实例比较了近似双圆弧插补算法与双圆弧插补算法的优缺点.     

一种数控自动编程直线插补的新算法

本文给出了一种根据零件加工精度的要求 ,对三次B样条列表曲线进行直线插补、自动生成变步长刀位轨迹的算法 ,简称自适应算法。该算法可根据曲线曲率大小 ,自动改变步长 ,同时逼近误差满足要求。该算法稳定、可靠 ,便于在列表曲线、列表曲面的数控加工中推广应用     

B样条列表曲线直线插补的自适应算法

给出了一种根据零件加工精度要求,对三次Ｂ样条列表曲线进行直线插补,自动生成变步长刀位轨迹的算法,简称自适应算法。该算法当列表曲线曲率大时,使步长变小,反之使步长变大,同时使逼近误差满足要求。该算法稳定、可靠,便于在列表曲线、列表曲面的数控加工中推广应用。     

NURBS插补方式对数控铣削加工质量的影响

针对自由曲面加工误差较大的问题,从插补方式的角度进行了对比研究。对相同的二维抛物曲线分别以直线插补、直线-圆弧插补和NURBS插补三种插补方式进行实际加工,利用三坐标测量仪对所加工曲面轮廓进行测量,并获取相应的加工误差分布曲线。分析结果表明,NURBS插补刀具路径可以改善零件的加工精度和表面光顺性,有效地提高生产效率,并能够减少曲面后续抛光的工作量,较好地满足自由曲面高性能数控加工的需要。     

LOOK-AHEAD ALGORITHM FOR VELOCITY CONTROL BASED ON PARAMETERIZED CURVE INTERPOLATOR

To avoid suffering gouge and transient overshooting in high speed cutting machining, a novel parametefized curve interpolator model with velocity look-ahead algorithm is proposed. Based on a prearrangement step interpolation algorithm for parameterized curves and considering high curvature points, parameterized curve tool path is divided into acceleration segments and deceleration segments by look-ahead algorithm. Under condition of characteristics of acceleration and deceleration stored in control system, deceleration before high curvature points and acceleration after high curvature points are realized in real-time in high speed cutting machining. Based on new parameterized curve interpolator model with velocity look-ahead algorithm, a real cubic spline is machined simulativly. The simulation results show that velocity look-ahead algorithm improves velocity changing more smoothly.     

五轴联动数控加工的刀具路径优化方法研究

为解决五轴联动加工复杂曲面过程中的刀具路径不连续问题,提出了五轴数控的刀具路径优化方法。通过五轴NC代码的坐标变换还原有效切削路径,对切削路径进行误差约束下的非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲线拟合。对旋转轴路径采用五次样条曲线进行插值,建立切削路径和旋转轴路径的参数映射关系,通过机床逆运动变换求解C2连续的平动轴路径。实验表明,经过该方法优化后,切削路径和各驱动轴运动路径具有良好的平滑性,显著提高了五轴加工曲面精度和表面质量。     

Correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm for free-form surface machining

The existing interpolation algorithm cannot meet the need of high-speed and high-accuracy machining of a free-form surface. So this paper proposed a correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm. Depending on the distance and angle evaluated from the adjacent command points, the machining path of free form can be divided into two machining types. For those regions where the accurate figure is critical such as corners, the convention linear interpolation is performed exactly between the adjacent command points. For those regions having a large radius of curvature where the smooth figure is critical, firstly, the interior point selection method based on circle transition is derived to reduce the tolerance between the machining path and the original surface; secondly, the interior point correction method based on the least-square method is proposed to reduce the calculation error and round-off error in the interior point and estimate the first- and second-order derivative vectors of the interior point; thirdly, the shape-defining point is selected by the bend direction of the machining path and fitted to a quintic spline curve which has the C2 continuity; fourthly, the fitting accuracy controlling method is proposed to ensure the machining accuracy; lastly, the curve interpolation is performed on the fitted smooth curve. Machining tests carried out on a vertical machining center show that the proposed algorithm can improve the machining efficiency and machining quality of a free-form surface.     

An adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator for precision five-axis CNC machining

Non-uniform rational b-spline (NURBS) tool path is becoming more and more important due to the increasing requirement for machining geometrically complex parts. However, NURBS interpolators, particularly related to five-axis machining, are quite limited and still keep challenging. In this paper, an adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator with geometric and kinematic constraints is proposed for precision five-axis machining. A surface expressed by dual NURBS curves, which can continuously and accurately describe cutter tip position and cutter axis orientation, is first used to define five-axis tool path. For the given machine configuration, the calculation formulas of angular feedrate and geometric error aroused by interpolation are given, and then, the adaptive feedrate along the tool path is scheduled with confined nonlinear geometric error and angular feedrate. Combined with the analytical relations of feed acceleration with respect to the arc length parameter and feedrate, the feed profiles of linear and angular feed acceleration sensitive regions are readjusted with corresponding formulas and bi-directional scan algorithm, respectively. Simulations are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed feed scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator. It shows that the proposed method is able to ensure the geometric accuracy and good machining performances in five-axis machining especially in flank machining.     

Performance Evaluation of a Real-Time Interpolation Algorithm for NURBS Curves

This paper presents a real-time interpolation algorithm for NURBS curves. In contrast to the existing linear and circular interpolators, the proposed interpolator can maintain small contour errors and feedrate fluctuations. Feedrate components, acceleration components and the servomotor driving force for each axis are precalculated from the given curve shape and themachine tool dynamic properties. As a sudden change in the geometrical properties of the tool path can increase contour errors and cause a sudden change of driving force of each servomotor, a new strategy of variable feedrate machining based on the geometrical properties of tool path is suggested. Real-time performance measurement of this interpolator is performed to demonstrate its practical feasibility.     

The design of a NURBS pre-interpolator for five-axis machining

A non-uniform, rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolator has great advantages for free-form surface machining compared to the conventional linear/circular interpolator. However, the existing NURBS interpolators can only handle the NURBS trajectory given in a customized NURBS G code. Also, it is limited to three-axis applications. In this paper, a NURBS pre-interpolator with three function options is proposed for a computer numerical control (CNC) system so that the NURBS interpolator can be thoroughly applied for five-axis machining. The first function is called the NURBS converter function, which is used to convert a series of linear/circular segments exactly into a NURBS curve. The second function is the NURBS smoother function, by which, a series of linear segments are fitted to a NURBS curve. The third option provides two kinds of NURBS G codes definition, by which, the NURBS trajectory with five axes can be represented directly. Upon using the three options of the NURBS pre-interpolator, a unified NURBS curve can be obtained for further interpolation. Two actual machining cases are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed pre-interpolator.     

任意凸轮曲线的高精度等速CNC磨削

基于凸轮磨削过程中恒磨削力要求恒线速度的加工机理,通过三次参数样条方程得到凸轮的理论曲线,采用微直线段取代微弧进给,得到砂轮轴心轨迹曲线的插补方法。分析了凸轮磨削精度、进给速度与插补参数之间的关系,实现凸轮曲线的高精度等速实时插补。该方法还可以推广到一般加工平面封闭曲线的CNC机床。     

自由曲线轮廓加工的圆弧样条刀具路径研究

给出了一种平面曲线轮廓的圆弧样条拟合及刀具路径生成算法，该算法面向零件轮廓的光顺性刀具路径生成，通过应用曲线的曲率关系，对以NURBS表示的被拟合自由曲线按参数递增的方向用G^1连续的圆弧或直线段逐段拟舍，并生成相应的圆弧样条刀具路径，从而实现零件曲线轮廓表面的光顺加工。实例计算和分析结果证明了该算法具有计算稳定性好、计算效率高的优点，易于在数控加工中实现。     

基于机床混合模型的参数曲线高速插补速度极值分析

参数曲线高速数控插补时,进给速度规划需要综合考虑机床动力学特性和曲线几何特征的限制。通过建立机床进给系统的机电混合模型,给出了参数曲线高速插补进给速度的机床动力学约束条件。以此条件为基础,采用“速度－加速度”相平面分析法导出了速度极值曲线解析表达式。与实时插补弦高误差约束下的速度极值曲线表达式相比,二者具有一致性。通过机床动力学约束下的速度极值曲线最大实时插补弦高误差估计,可简化插补进给速度规划约束条件。研究结果表明,给出进给速度极值解析曲线是有效的,可为参数曲线高速插补进给速度优化规划提供理论分析依据。