304、316不锈钢和Inconel 617镍基合金在硝酸熔盐中的腐蚀行为

将304、316不锈钢和Inconel 617镍基合金在565℃硝酸熔盐(60%NaNO_3+40%KNO_3,质量分数)中进行长时静态腐蚀试验,对比研究了3种材料的腐蚀动力学曲线以及表面腐蚀形貌、物相组成和微区成分。结果表明:3种材料均发生了氧化腐蚀,其中304和316不锈钢具有抛物线型的腐蚀动力学特征,而Inconel 617镍基合金在短暂质量增加之后出现了明显的腐蚀质量损失现象;Inconel 617镍基合金的耐腐蚀性能最好,304不锈钢的最差;在腐蚀初期,304、316不锈钢表面均形成了针状和片状腐蚀产物,随着腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀产物转变为尖晶石结构,Inconel 617镍基合金表面的腐蚀产物呈颗粒状,随着腐蚀时间的延长,部分颗粒变大;304和316不锈钢表面均形成了以Fe_2O_3和(Fe,Cr)_3O_4为主的腐蚀产物层,Inconel 617镍基合金表面则形成了以NiO和CoO为主的腐蚀产物层。     

氯离子杂质对304和316L奥氏体不锈钢在熔融硝酸盐中腐蚀行为的影响

采用恒温全浸腐蚀试验方法,研究了304和316L奥氏体不锈钢在565℃含不同质量分数（0,0.6%,1.0%,1.4%）氯离子杂质熔融硝酸盐（60%NaNO₃+40%KNO₃,质量分数）中的腐蚀行为。结果表明：在4种熔融硝酸盐中,304和316L不锈钢的腐蚀动力学曲线均呈抛物线型;随着氯离子含量增加,304和316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率均显著提升,腐蚀程度逐渐加重,腐蚀产物层在与基体结合处的裂纹增多,氯离子杂质通过活性氧化腐蚀作用加速了不锈钢腐蚀;与316L不锈钢相比,304不锈钢对氯离子杂质的腐蚀作用更敏感。     

316L 不锈钢关节材料的摩擦腐蚀行为研究

采用UMT 2多功能摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站（CHI614E）摩擦腐蚀试验平台,考察医用316 L不锈钢在模拟体液润滑条件下的摩擦腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜观察摩擦腐蚀的形貌特征。实验结果表明,316 L不锈钢摩擦腐蚀后的腐蚀电位降低,腐蚀电流增大;不同载荷条件下,摩擦腐蚀的摩擦因数均大于纯摩擦下的摩擦因数,且随载荷的增加而减小,摩擦腐蚀电流则随载荷的增加而增大;摩擦腐蚀磨损面的破坏比纯摩擦严重,磨损机制主要表现为犁沟磨损和剪切塑变所造成的局部剥落。     

AISI 316L和SAF 2205不锈钢在含溴醋酸溶液中腐蚀行为的研究

用化学浸泡法对奥氏体不锈钢316L和双相不锈钢SAF2205在含溴醋酸溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了研究,并观察了腐蚀形貌。结果发现：随着温度和Br^-浓度的增加,腐蚀速率增大,点蚀程度加剧;随着浸泡时间的增加,不锈钢AISI316L的腐蚀速率迅速降低,而不锈钢SAF2205的腐蚀速率缓慢增大,72h后,两者腐蚀速率的变化都很小;醋酸环境下,Cr比Br^-对两种不锈钢的点蚀危害性更大。在含Cl^-醋酸溶液中加入少量Br^-,对腐蚀有一定的抑止作用,而在含Br^-醋酸溶液中加入少量Cr^-,并没有严重的有害影响。     

304L不锈钢在硝酸工业环境中的长周期腐蚀行为

在合成气制乙二醇装置环境(温度116～128℃,硝酸质量分数2％～20％)中对304L不锈钢进行3次长周期现场挂片浸泡腐蚀试验,研究了304L不锈钢的长周期腐蚀行为.结果表明:经过不同条件下的3次长周期挂片浸泡腐蚀后,304L不锈钢发生了不同程度的晶间腐蚀及腐蚀减薄,且在硝酸质量分数2％～8％、温度116℃、时间156 d条件下不锈钢的腐蚀程度最严重,不锈钢出现晶粒脱落现象,其全面腐蚀速率大于2 mm·a-1,腐蚀程度为严重腐蚀.硝酸还原反应器催化剂中的钯是急剧加速304L不锈钢腐蚀的主要介质,与304L不锈钢形成电偶效应,从而加速304L不锈钢的腐蚀,在该工艺条件下不推荐304L不锈钢作为脱重塔底区域的材料.     

高温碱液浓度与温度及应变速率对316L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响

通过不同应变速率的拉伸试验,研究了316L不锈钢在不同温度和浓度的NaOH溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,分析了以上三个因素对该钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响.结果表明:当应变速率为10-5s-1时,316L不锈钢不会发生明显的应力腐蚀开裂,而当应变速率降低到10-6s-1时,在高温低浓度的NaOH溶液中该钢会发生明显的应力腐蚀开裂;当应变速率为10-6s-1时,NaOH溶液温度对316L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响程度要高于浓度的.     

有机硅涂层对316不锈钢的防护

研究了316不锈钢在高温（400℃）盐和水蒸气综合作用下的腐蚀行为及添加Al粉和Ti粉的有机硅涂层对不锈钢的防护作用。结果表明，316不锈钢裸样发生了较为严重的腐蚀。刷涂了有机硅涂层的316不锈钢在相同的条件下没有发生腐蚀，涂层对316不锈钢具有优异的防护作用．讨论了有机硅涂层的防护机理。     

304不锈钢在不同温度硝酸熔盐中的腐蚀行为

采用腐蚀动力学方法,结合腐蚀表面形貌观察和微区成分分析,研究了304不锈钢在不同温度(400,450,500,565℃)60%NaNO_3+40%KNO_3(质量分数)熔盐中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:试验钢在该熔盐中的腐蚀速率随着温度升高而增大,在565℃下的腐蚀速率达到99.6×10~(-5 )mg·cm~(-2)·h~(-1);在400℃下试验钢表面只有极少量氧化腐蚀产物,在450℃和500℃下表面生成少量的Fe_2O_3,在565℃下表面形成以Fe_2O_3和(Fe,Cr)_3O_4为主的氧化腐蚀产物;随着温度升高,试验钢表面Fe_2O_3含量增加,氧化腐蚀程度加重。     

尿素级不锈钢316LMOD板材的研制

尿素级不锈钢是尿素高压设备上广泛应用的不锈钢材料,由于使用环境条件恶劣,因此要求不锈钢具有良好的耐均匀腐蚀、晶界腐蚀和选择性腐蚀性能。主要从成分设计(在普通316L的基础上提高Cr,Ni,Mo),热处理制度对组织中第二相比例的影响规律进行研究,并利用扫描、透射电镜对第二相进行确认,最终研制成功各项性能满足尿素级不锈钢设计标准的316LMOD尿素级不锈钢板材。     

316LN奥氏体不锈钢在含Cl-溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用慢应变速率拉伸法以及电化学方法,通过与316L奥氏体不锈钢进行对比,研究了316LN奥氏体不锈钢在不同温度(25,50℃)和不同腐蚀介质(质量分数为3%的NaCl溶液、质量分数为6%的FeCl₃溶液)中的应力腐蚀开裂和电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明：316LN钢在含Cl^-溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性低于316L钢;316LN钢在NaCl溶液中发生钝化-击穿行为,而在FeCl₃溶液中则呈现活性溶解特征,阻抗谱均为单一容抗弧特征,且温度越高,316LN钢的自腐蚀电流越大,容抗弧半径和电荷转移电阻越小。316LN钢的耐腐蚀性能优于316L钢。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.