不同酵母对红薯面包质地和风味的影响

为探讨不同酵母对红薯面包品质和风味的影响,以红薯面包为试验对象,对比分析了使用3种商业酵母和4种老面酵母对红薯面包的流变学特性、色泽、质构、风味等指标的影响。结果表明,不同酵母对红薯面包的色泽、质构、气味等方面都存在显著的影响。动态流变学结果显示,四号老面酵母发酵面团的G'和G"均显著（P<0.05）高于其他组。商业酵母发酵面包的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、黏聚性以及回复性均显著低于老面酵母发酵面包（P<0.05）。四号老面酵母发酵面包的L*值和W值均显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。电子鼻研究结果表明,7种不同酵母发酵红薯面包的风味物质主要是无机硫化物。GC-IMS共检测出61种挥发性化合物,以醇类、酮类和酸类为主,醛类、醚类、酯类和吡啶类次之。主成分分析表明,7种不同酵母发酵面包的挥发性风味物质存在明显差异,2个主成分贡献率达到85%,说明GC-IMS技术可以对不同酵母发酵面包予以区分。综上可知,本文对不同酵母发酵面包的质地和风味差异进行了详细的对比分析,为后续面包生产中酵母的选择提供科学依据。     

Microbiological Characteristics of Part-Baked White Pan Bread During Storage

In this study, white pan breads part-baked 10, 15, and 20 min with and without added calcium propionate were stored at 20°C (room temperature) for 3, 5, and 7 days and at 4°C (refrigerator temperature) for 7, 14, and 21 days. After storage, the baking time of part-baked breads was completed to the baking time of control breads (25 min). Total aerobic mesophylic bacteria (TAMB), coliform bacteria, yeast and mold, and Bacillus spore counts of breads were determined before and after the second baking. While TAMB, yeast and mold counts were 8-log CFU/g in dough, it was measured as 6 and 2-log CFU/g before and after the rebaking process, respectively. Microorganism counts of the part-baked breads without Ca-propionate stored at room temperature increased in significant amounts. However, the second baking process after storage contributed to the re-freshness of breads and decreased the microorganism counts. The levels of water activity (a_w) for breads with and without ca-propionate stored at different temperatures and time profiles approximately ranged from 0.92 to 0.89 after the rebaking process and did not significantly affect the microorganism counts. However, addition of calcium propionate in the bread formulation significantly decreased TAMB, coliform bacteria, Bacillus spore, and yeast and mold counts, depending on decrease of pH levels. It was found that the microbiological quality of the rebaking bread with Ca-propionate after part-baking for 10 and 15 mins and storage at both room and refrigerator temperature was much higher than that of the other.     

番木瓜保健面包的研制及营养成分分析

为了研究开发甜面包口味多样性、营养保健性和番木瓜资源的综合利用,在面团中添加番木瓜果肉,经过搅拌、发酵、烘烤制成营养齐全、对人体具有保健作用的水果面包;通过正交试验并确定番木瓜面包的最佳配方,即添加番木瓜泥50%,水20%,酵母1.6%,发酵100 mn;同时对番木瓜面包中胡萝卜素、VC、总果胶营养成分含量进行测定,结果表明番木瓜面包比普通面包胡萝卜素增加了8.3倍、VC增加了3.86倍、总果胶增加了4.74倍.     

Fortification of Bread with L-Lysine HCI: Losses Due to Baking Process

A Brasilian water bread was formulated with wheat flour (100%), salt (2%), yeast (5%), water (60%), fungal amylase (130 SKB/100g wheat flour), ascorbic acid (0.02%), and polysorbate-60 (1%). To the formulation was added Lysine.HCl at levels of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% as related to wheat flour in the formulation. The breads (fortified and control) were baked at 220°C for 20 min. The retention of lysine was estimated by measuring the free Lysine·HCl in bread with FDNB. A regression equation was developed relating the input and retention of lysine, which indicated a loss or destruction of 11.3% of added lysine during baking process.     

发酵麸皮混合物对面包品质的影响

为改善麸皮面包的品质,增加麸皮的利用率,本实验应用甜酒曲联合酵母发酵麸皮、黄豆和花生的混合物,得到发酵麸皮混合物。以面粉+发酵麸皮混合物总量为100 g(面粉90 g、发酵麸皮混合物10 g)计,制备发酵麸皮混合物面包(简称发酵麸皮面包),以普通面包、麸皮面包及添加黄豆、花生混合物的非麸皮添加物面包为对照,对这几种面包的品质、风味物质及抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明:黄豆、花生的添加能够起到提升面包风味的作用;发酵麸皮混合物的添加可以改善麸皮面包的品质,其感官评分、弹性、硬度和色差L、b值极显著优于麸皮面包(P0.01),而与普通面包比较没有显著差异(P0.05);与3种对照面包样品比较,发酵麸皮面包的醇类、酯类和醛类等风味成分种类较多,且分布均匀,而且还检测出其特有的风味物质,分别为吡嗪类、呋喃类、乙基酯类;发酵麸皮面包的多酚、黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性指标也均最高。综上,发酵麸皮混合物能够改善麸皮面包的品质,并提高面包的抗氧化活性。     

酵母菌对自然发酵酸面团面包中风味物质影响的研究

以添加不等量酵母菌（0，1，2，3g酵母菌／200g自然发酵剂）的自然发酵酸面团面包及非酸面团面包为研究对象，采用固相微萃取（SPME）技术分别提取样品中的挥发性风味物质，然后通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用法进行鉴定：结果表明，44种挥发性物质存在于至少两种样品中，其中主要为醇类、酸类、醛类、酯类、烷烃类、酮类、烯类、芳香族化合物和杂环及含氮化合物。酸面团面包含一些独有的物质，如乙酸甲酯、4-丁酸丁交酯、1，2-苯二酸二乙酯和蚁酸丙酯等：酵母菌对自然发酵酸面团面包中主要挥发性风味物质有较大影响．如酸类物质的相对含量有所下降，醛类的含量增加，添加酵母菌的酸面团面包风味物质中酯类的比例低于不添加酵母菌的．     

乳酸菌发酵面包工艺研究

以面包专用粉为主要原料,添加乳酸菌、酵母、面包改良剂、白糖等辅料,采用二次发酵工艺生产面包。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素及正交试验,确定最佳的工艺条件和参数为:白砂糖15%、酵母2%、乳酸菌2%、发酵时间4 h。该工艺下制作的面包内部组织柔软细腻,纹理结构好,发酵香味浓郁,且有柔和的乳酸味,其品质优于普通面包。     

Effect of Lipid Extraction Process on Performance of Texturized Soy Flour Added Wheat Bread

ABSTRACT: Wheat breads were prepared to contain 0%, 2%, 6%, or 12% non-solvent extracted texturized soy flour (NSETSF) or solvent extracted texturized soy flour (SETSF) to evaluate their effects on instrumental and sensory characteristics. To compare the effects of added dough enhancers versus those contained in lip id-extracted soy flour, a sucrose ester was included in some formulations. Both soy flours produced comparable loaves relative to percent inclusion. Texture analysis and trained sensory panel evaluation indicated that SETSF loaves were softer than NSETSF loaves. The consumer panel found bread with 12% NSETSF similar to the control. Texturized, lipid-extracted soy flours added to wheat breads produced a "sucrose ester"-like property.     

不同发酵剂发酵馒头风味成分分析

为比较不同类型发酵剂发酵馒头的风味物质成分,应用固相微萃取技术（solid-phase micro-extraction,SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）,对比普通酵母发酵馒头（steamed bread fermented by yeast,YFSB）、植物乳杆菌-酵母复合发酵馒头（starter partly replaced by Lactobacillus plantarum,LPSB）和酵子-酵母复合发酵馒头（starter partly replaced by Jiaozi,JZSB）三者的特征性风味物质成分。结果表明,三种馒头的风味物质包括醇类、酯类、醛类、烃类、苯环类、酮类、醚类、酸类以及杂环类,其中醇类含量最多,分别为51.71%、41.53%、54.15%。相比于其他两种馒头,LPSB中醇类虽然较少,但酯类和醛类含量较多,尤其是醛类含量约为另外两种馒头的2倍,为16.61%。JZSB中烃类和酸类含量高于另外两种馒头,分别为11.47%、5.33%,苯环类含量低于另外两种馒头,仅含4.57%。三种馒头的风味物质在种类和相对含量上有所差异,说明发酵剂对其风味影响较大,将传统发酵剂和新型发酵剂进行适当的复配可以丰富馒头的风味。     

Physicochemical properties of bread dough and finished bread with added pectin fiber and phenolic antioxidants

Comparative studies were conducted in this paper to investigate the effects of added dietary fiber (DF) and/or phenolic antioxidants on the properties of bread dough and finished bread. Breads were developed in the absence (control bread), or presence of apple pectin and/or fruit phenolic extracts (treated breads), and subjected to quality evaluation (attributes including color, weight, and volume) and characterization of chemical and rheological properties. Chemical analyses revealed that breads with added phenolic extracts had greater antioxidant activity and higher extractable phenolic content, than control bread and the treated breads with added apple pectin(s). The measured antioxidant activity was mainly derived from the phenolics present in bread. Storage modulus G' (elasticity) and loss modulus G″ (viscocity) of the treated bread dough with added pectin(s) only were higher than those of control dough. The G' or G″ of the treated breads incorporated with a combination of a pectin and fruit phenolic extract depended on the type of phenolic extract (that is, apple and blackcurrant extracts behaved differently from kiwifruit extract). The G' and G″ at the final baking step were higher than those of other stages, indicating an increase in cross-linking among polymeric molecules and bread particles of high molecular weight. We conclude that the added pectin and/or phenolic extract had influenced bread dough cross-linking microstructure and bread properties through being involved in the interactions with bread components such as wheat proteins during dough development and bread baking. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Dietary fibers and phytochemicals (including phenolic antioxidants) have long been recognized as the active nutrients responsible for the health benefits of fruit and vegetables to humans. Interest in incorporating bioactive ingredients such as dietary fiber and phenolic antioxidants into popular foods like bread has grown rapidly, due to the increased consumer health awareness. The added bioactive ingredients may or may not promote the development of bread dough. This paper reports the findings associated with the properties of the functional breads enhanced with apple pectin and apple, blackcurrant, and kiwifruit phenolic extracts. Results of this paper indicate that the success of the development of such functional breads is ultimately determined by the interactions among added bioactive ingredients and other bread components.     

大豆粉营养强化面包工艺研究

以面包专用粉为主要原料,添加大豆粉、酵母、面包改良剂、白砂糖等辅料,采用一次发酵工艺生产面包。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳的工艺参数为:面包专用粉100g,大豆粉添加量为4g,面包改良剂量0.2g,酵母添加量1.8g。该工艺参数下制作的面包内部组织柔软细腻,纹理结构好,香味浓郁,蛋白质含量由11%提高到14%,强化了面包中蛋白质营养,其品质优于普通面包。     

Effects of alkylresorcinols on volume and structure of yeast-leavened bread

BACKGROUND: Alkylresorcinols (AR) are amphiphilic phenolic compounds found in high amounts in wheat, durum wheat and rye, with different homologue composition for each cereal. The effect of different amounts of added AR from these cereals on bread volume, height, porosity and microstructure was studied. Breads with added rye bran (with high levels of AR) or acetone‐extracted rye bran (with low levels of AR) were also baked, as well as breads with finely milled forms of each of these brans. RESULTS: Breads with high amounts of added AR, irrespective of AR homologue composition, had a lower volume, a more compact structure and an adverse microstructure compared with breads with no or low levels of added AR. AR were also shown to inhibit the activity of baker's yeast. There was no difference in bread volume and porosity between bread baked with rye bran and acetone‐extracted rye bran or with brans of different particle size. CONCLUSION: Irrespective of homologue composition, AR had a negative effect on wheat bread properties when added in high amounts as purified extracts from wheat, durum wheat and rye. Natural levels of AR in rye bran, however, did not affect the volume and porosity of yeast‐leavened wheat breads. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of Antimicrobial,Antioxidant Activities,and Nutritional Values of Fermented Foxtail Millet Extracts by Lactobacillus paracasei Fn032

Solid-state bioprocessing of foxtail millet by Lactobacillus paracasei Fn032 is a biotechnological strategy to produce fermented foxtail millet meal with more beneficial components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and nutritional values of water extracts from fermented foxtail millet flour and its bran with and without protease. Fermented foxtail millet flour with added protease extract showed higher scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals as well as reducing power than fermented foxtail millet flour and fermented foxtail millet bran extracts. Both extracts, fermented foxtail millet flour and fermented foxtail millet flour with protease, showed significant (P < 0.05) effectiveness inhibition abilities on microbial growth when compared with fermented foxtail millet bran extracts. Amino acid profile revealed that fermented foxtail millet flour with protease, with relatively strongest antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, also had the highest total hydrophobic amino acids content (51.39%) and hydrophobic index (8.47 Kj/mol amino acid residue). Moreover, fermented foxtail millet flour with protease revealed the highest protein content, predicted protein efficiency ratio, and protein digestibility. Molecular weight of the whole extracts varied from 180–5000 Da. Based on the results obtained, fermented foxtail millet flour extracts were relatively effective in the antioxidant, antimicrobial properties assayed and might be potential biological values for application in food products.     

冻干酸面团发酵剂对发酵面团及面包香气的影响

采用HPLC和SPME/GC-MS,研究冷冻干燥(冻干)旧金山乳杆菌酸面团发酵剂对普通和全麦发酵面团及其面包香气的影响。结果显示,冻干旧金山乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sanfranscensis,L.s.)酸面团发酵剂对发酵面团和面包香气的影响显著。酸面团面包面团中有机酸和游离氨基酸含量均高于相应的非酸面团面包面团;乳酸菌酸面团发酵显著提高了面包中挥发性物质的含量,L.s.高筋粉酸面团面包(SSAB)和L.s.全麦酸面团面包(SSWB)较非酸面团高筋粉面包(NSHB)和非酸面团全麦面包(NSWB)分别提高了11.31%和14.98%。全麦体系含有更多的游离氨基酸,其面包具有更浓郁的风味,全麦酸面团面包所含挥发物质总量大幅高于普通面包,NSWB和SSWB较NSHB和SSAB分别提高了22.54%和26.58%。3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙酸、糠醛、苯乙醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、3-甲基丁酸、2-甲基丙酸、3-甲基丁醛和E-2-壬烯醛是面包中重要的香气物质。L.s.酸面团发酵剂在不同面粉面团体系中产生的作用不同,SSAB含有较多的内酯类化合物;SSWB含有更多的3-甲基-1-丁醇和3-羟基-2-丁酮。     

Functional Properties of Hydrolyzed Whey Permeate Syrups in Bread Formulations

Hydrolyzed whey permeate syrups (HWPS) prepared by various treatments were incorporated at 6% flour basis as a substitute for sucrose in a typical white pan bread formulation. Results indicated that there were little significant differences in the yeast fermentation rate, proof time, and bread quality among doughs formulated with sucrose (control) and HWPS. Demineralized 75% HWPS produced good functional qualities of dough and yielded bread equal to or better than the control. The 50% and 95% HWPS had some adverse effects on the handling characteristics of the doughs. Breads made with demineralized 50% and 95% HWPS were firmer than the control. The 50% HWPS breads showed darker crust colors, whether HWPS was or was not demineralized.     

Dynamics of γ-aminobutyric acid in wheat flour bread making

The dynamics of the health-improving non-protein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during bread making were studied. Wheat flour contains trace levels of GABA (<15 ppm) and ca. 160–175 ppm of its precursor, glutamic acid (GA). During dough mixing, the levels of both GA and GABA largely increased. While wheat flour endogenous glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) performs some minor conversion of GA into GABA, yeast is the main contributor to GABA formation. Comparison of amino acid levels of dough samples, without or with yeast, indicated that yeast favours both GA and GABA formation already during mixing. Fermentation decreased both GA and GABA contents, due to amino acid consumption by the yeast, which used more GA than GABA. Proofing and baking resulted in large GABA losses, the latter probably in Maillard browning reactions during baking. Thermal loss of GA was less pronounced than that of GABA. Breads contained only trace levels of GABA and ca. 90–130 ppm of its precursor. Exogenous supplementation of recombinantly produced GAD of Yersinia intermedia decreased GA levels in mixed and fermented dough and increased GABA levels. The highest GAD dosage used resulted in fermented doughs with ca. 300 ppm of GABA, i.e. three times higher than the level present in the reference sample (no GAD added). After baking, a significant GABA level was left in the bread samples (ca. 115 ppm) and GABA-enriched breads were obtained. Addition of sodium glutamate (100–380 ppm) to a bread recipe containing no added GAD clearly indicated that its precursor was not the limiting factor for GABA conversion during bread making since the resulting breads contained no GABA, or only trace levels (ca. 20 ppm).     

不同面筋蛋白组分对面包品质的影响

为探究麦谷蛋白、麦醇溶蛋白以及两者的不同配比对面包品质的影响,将谷朊粉、提取的麦谷蛋白、麦醇溶蛋白分别添加到面包中,以面包比容为评价指标,研究其对面包品质的影响。结果表明,三者均能提高面包比容,且在质量分数1.5%（占面粉基）的添加量下,麦谷蛋白与谷朊粉的改善效果相当。再将麦谷蛋白与麦醇溶蛋白重新配比添加到面包中,当麦谷蛋白/麦醇溶蛋白质量比为3∶1时,在质量分数1.1%（占面粉基）的添加量下,与空白组相比,面包比容提高了11.4%,面包硬度降低。贮藏5 d后,面包硬度增量低于空白组13.1%,延缓了面包的老化,且效果优于质量分数1.5%（占面粉基）谷朊粉添加量的效果。     

泡菜、豆酱中产香酵母菌的筛选及其在面包制作中的应用

本研究从重庆泡菜及扬州豆酱等传统发酵食品中筛选出3 株具有优良产香能力的酵母菌,通过对其菌落形态特征、产酯能力、糖利用能力、面团发酵力以及高糖耐受能力等的测定,最终得到1 株具有潜在应用价值的产香酵母YG28B,经ITS rDNA鉴定为季也蒙毕赤酵母。在面包发酵与烘焙应用的初步研究中,YG28B与市售活性干酵母混合发酵烘焙的面包,其面团发酵效果良好,且烘焙的面包囊风味独特。气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测显示面包中挥发性风味物质含量普遍有所提高,优于单独使用市售活性干酵母发酵烘焙所得面包的风味。该株产香酵母菌可用于面包发酵以改善面包囊的风味,在烘焙制品中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Pre-Germinated Brown Rice Substituted Bread: Dough Characteristics and Bread Structure

Pre-germinated brown rice (PGBR) having the germ length of 0.5–1.0 mm is produced as a healthy food by immersing the brown rice in water. In this article, various additives were used for making PGBR breads, and suitable combinations of PGBR and additives for breadmaking were evaluated to provide PGBR bread with high functional properties. The 30% of the wheat flour was substituted with PGBR (PGBR 30), and combined additions of phytase (PHY), hemicellulase (HEM) and sucrose fatty acid ester (SE) to PGBR 30 improved the bread qualities with more suitable dough properties, as compared with the sample without their addition. During fermentation, the amounts of gas leaked from the PGBR 30 dough were suppressed by the additions. PHY and HEM hydrolyzed the phytate and hemicellulose in PGBR, and the maturity and extensibility of the PGBR 30 dough were caused by the activated yeast with formed phosphate and decomposed bran, making the large loaf volume and softness of breadcrumbs during storage. In addition, SE accelerated the dough tolerance to mixing or fermentation with the emulsifying ability. Therefore, the combined additions with PHY, HEM, and SE to PGBR 30 improved the dough and bread qualities.     

几种不同来源酵母抽提物性质及其对典型工程宿主菌生长的比较研究

本实验选取五种来源于国内外著名厂家生产的酵母抽提物(国内两种,国外3 种),从理化性质和微生物培养特性方面进行比较研究。结果表明,国内厂家的啤酒酵母抽提物溶解性不如国外的3 种面包酵母抽提物,但国内生产厂家的面包酵母抽提物在总氮和氨基氮含量等方面与国外产品无明显差别。供试的几种酵母抽提物中,国内酵母抽提物有利于大肠杆菌DH5α生长,国外酵母抽提物有利于大肠杆菌DH10B 生长,而对于大肠杆菌BL21 生长而言,国内外酵母抽提物无明显差异。这说明在微生物发酵实验中,必须根据微生物生长与代谢特性,选择合适的酵母抽提物。由于国内酵母抽提物价格低于国外,为节约成本,可优先选择国内酵母抽提物。