NAK80模具钢表面2种激光器熔覆Ni基碳化钨合金层组织结构及耐磨性比较

为了研究激光器对Ni基碳化钨合金熔覆层组织结构和性能的影响,分别采用Nd:YAG与CO2激光熔覆技术在NAK80模具钢表面制备了Ni基碳化钨合金层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪、显微硬度计以及摩擦磨损试验机测试分析了2种熔覆层的组织结构、显微硬度及耐磨性能。结果表明:2种熔覆层与基体之间均呈现良好的化学冶金结合;熔覆层组织主要为粗大的未熔碳化钨颗粒和均匀分布的树枝晶,Nd:YAG激光熔覆层的组织比CO2激光熔覆层的细小;2种熔覆层相结构主要包括WC,W2C,Cr23C6,NiCr,CrB2以及γ-Ni等;2种激光器熔覆处理后,NAK80模具钢表面硬度和耐磨性都得到显著改善,CO2激光熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性高于Nd:YAG激光熔覆层,2种激光熔覆试样的磨损机制均为磨粒磨损。     

轮轨试样Co基合金激光熔覆层组织及磨损性能

为提高轮轨材料的耐磨性降低轮轨磨损,利用CO2多模激光器在轮轨试样表面获得Co基合金熔覆层,测试分析了其组织结构性能和显微硬度,利用MMS-2A微机控制摩擦磨损试验机对比研究了激光熔覆处理与未处理轮轨试样的抗磨损性能.结果表明:激光熔覆处理后在轮轨试样表面获得与基体良好结合厚度约1 mm的熔覆层;熔覆层主要由枝晶(γ-Co)和共晶组织(Cr23C6+γ-Co)构成,初生相为γ-Co过饱和固溶体,富含Cr元素,共晶组织中富含Co元素;结合区为粗大柱状晶,从中部到表层出现胞状晶、树枝晶等多种形态.离界面越远组织越细密,组织生长方向紊乱;结合区存在元素扩散,尤其是Fe、Cr和Co含量变化显著;激光熔覆Co基合金后轮轨试样硬度分别提高约52.98%和43.44%,能有效降低对摩副磨损,轮轨抗磨损能力提高约为原来的5倍.     

离焦量对激光熔覆层组织及性能的影响

目的改善40 Cr钢表面性能,提高其表面硬度、耐磨性及耐蚀性。方法利用扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、磨损试验机、电化学测试系统等对激光熔覆层组织及性能进行观察和分析。结果离焦量越大,熔覆粉末及基体表面熔化深度越浅,通过控制适当的离焦量可以获得结合良好的涂层;离焦量为110 mm时,激光束的快热快冷作用能获得细小均匀的组织,细晶能保证较高的硬度,耐磨性及耐蚀性均较好。结论 40Cr钢经激光熔覆处理后可显著改善其表面性能,适宜的离焦量有利于获得最佳性能。     

Q345钢激光熔覆镍基WC合金的组织与耐磨性能

为进一步提高Q345钢激光熔覆层的耐磨性能,利用激光熔覆技术在Q345钢表面制备了70%Ni60A+30%WC熔覆层(质量分数)。采用X射线衍射仪及扫描电镜分析了熔覆层的物相、显微组织,采用摩擦磨损试验研究其耐磨性能。结果表明,Q345钢表面激光熔覆镍基WC合金对其表面的晶粒细化、显微硬度和耐磨性等都有很大提升。     

等离子束熔覆铁基合金涂层的组织与性能研究

利用等离子熔覆技术,在钢基体表面熔覆了一层铁基合金,获得了与基体呈冶金结合的、性能良好的涂层;采用金相显微镜对熔覆层的组织进行观察,发现熔覆层整体组织由柱状树枝晶向等轴晶转变,无气孔、夹杂,其中枝晶组织粗大,等轴晶组织细小;利用显微硬度计分析表明,熔覆层具有较高的硬度,并且由表面到基体呈梯度分布;磨损试验结果表明熔覆层的耐磨性是淬火45钢的2.56倍.     

45钢表面Ni基激光熔覆层的耐蚀性能

为改善45钢表面的力学性能和耐蚀性,在相同功率下采用不同扫描速率在其表面激光熔覆制备了Ni基(Ni35A)复合涂层。利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和电化学腐蚀测试系统对熔覆试样进行组织形貌、相组成、显微硬度和耐蚀性能分析。结果表明:熔覆试样由熔覆层、结合区和基体3部分组成;熔覆层组织细密并与基体冶金结合,扫描速率过大时易形成裂纹;熔覆层主要由FeNi3和Ni3B相组成,不同速率所得熔覆层显微硬度均超过400 HV;扫描速率为500 mm/min时熔覆试样自腐蚀电位提高了40 mV。     

Q235钢表面氩弧热源熔覆镍基自熔合金层的组织及性能

目前,鲜见氩弧熔覆镍基合金粉末工艺参数对熔覆层表面耐磨性能影响的研究报道,先将镍基自熔合金粉末涂覆于Q235钢表面,再利用氩弧热源熔覆.采用金相显微镜观察熔覆层表面和截面组织,采用硬度计及磨损试验分析熔覆层的表面硬度及耐磨性,研究了涂覆层厚度、熔覆电流对熔覆层表面组织、力学性能的影响.结果表明:基体与熔覆层形成了良好的冶金结合;随熔覆电流的增加,熔覆层表面硬度和耐磨性先增加后降低;随涂覆层厚度的增加,熔覆层表面硬度和耐磨性随之增加;涂覆层厚3 mm,熔覆电流为180 A时,熔覆层表面金相组织为少量初生固溶体枝晶和大量奥氏体与碳、硼化物的共晶,熔覆层表面硬度最大,为45.0 HRC,耐磨性最好.     

45钢表面激光熔覆CoCrNi中熵合金涂层组织与性能

为探究CoCrNi中熵合金在激光熔覆领域中的应用,以CoCrNi合金粉末作为熔覆粉末,在45钢表面采用同轴送粉法制备合金涂层。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损实验机和电化学工作站等设备研究了熔覆层微观组织、硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：熔覆层成形良好,组织均匀致密,组成相主要为FCC单相固溶体;熔池与基体交界处为平面晶,底部靠近中心为柱状晶,顶部分别为胞状晶和等轴晶,3种元素在熔覆层深度方向上的比例几乎相同;熔覆层平均硬度为250HV,摩擦系数、磨损量较基体分别降低了11.7%和36.7%;自腐蚀电流密度略有降低,CoCrNi熔覆层的钝化区域为-150到1 100 mV,表明熔覆层显著提高45钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

重载工况下车轮熔覆对轮轨磨损与损伤性能影响

利用CO2多模激光器在车轮试样表面获得Co基合金熔覆层,通过MMS-2A微机控制摩擦磨损试验机对比研究了不同轴重下轮轨试样的磨损性能与损伤机理。结果表明,车轮试样激光熔覆处理后熔覆层组织明显细化,表面硬度明显提高,约为基体的1.5倍。轮轨试样摩擦系数与磨损率随轴重增加而增大,车轮磨损率仅为钢轨的1/5~1/8;随时间增加,轮轨试样磨损量呈线性增长趋势;随轴重增加,轮轨试样表面损伤越严重,相同条件下,车轮试样损伤比钢轨轻微,轴重较小时,车轮熔覆层磨损主要为粘着磨损和氧化磨损,钢轨主要为疲劳磨损与氧化磨损。随轴重增加,轮轨试样主要为严重疲劳损伤,氧化磨损较为轻微。     

多道搭接激光熔覆NiCrBSi合金层组织及性能

为了改善40Cr钢的表面状态,拓展其应用范围,采用CO2激光器及LASERCELL-1005六轴六联动三维激光加工机床在40Cr钢表面多道搭接激光熔覆了NiCrBSi合金粉末,利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、磨损试验机、盐雾试验机等对熔覆层的组织及性能进行了研究.结果表明:激光熔覆层由熔覆区、结合区和热影响区3部分组成.多道...     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。