Q345R钢焊接热影响区在碳酸钠和硫化氢混合介质中的应力腐蚀行为

以往对Q345R钢焊接热影响区在碳酸盐和硫化氢混合介质中的应力腐蚀开裂行为研究不多。针对石油化工行业的CO2-H2S-H2O典型腐蚀环境中Q345R钢应力腐蚀失效造成的重大事故,通过慢应变速率试验(SSRT)和楔形张开加载(WOL)预裂纹应力腐蚀试验研究了Q345R钢热影响区在Na2CO3和H2S混合环境中的应力腐蚀行为。结果表明:在Na2CO3+H2S复杂介质环境中,Q345R钢热影响部位应力腐蚀敏感性较低,其断口呈现韧性断裂形貌,WOL裂纹扩展速率较低,应力强度因子KI值基本不变,应力腐蚀倾向不明显。     

安全阀配对法兰焊口裂纹产生原因分析

某集气装置原料气放空安全阀配对法兰焊口处出现裂纹,通过宏观以及微观检验、化学成分分析、力学性能测试等方法对裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明：该裂纹为硫化物应力腐蚀开裂所致,焊接工艺不当或焊后冷却速度过快导致焊接接头区域出现硫化物应力腐蚀开裂敏感性组织是该焊口产生裂纹的主要原因。     

焊接热输入对Q345R钢接头湿硫化氢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

实际焊接过程中焊接参数会影响焊接热输入,进而影响焊接接头的显微组织和性能.为此,研究了一系列焊接热输入条件下Q345R钢焊接接头的显微组织及其在湿硫化氢环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性.结果表明:当焊接热输入从44.2 kJ/cm增加到49.7 kJ/cm时,铁素体晶粒增大;当焊接热输入达到55.3 kJ/cm时,焊缝区组织出现了针状铁素体;在湿硫化氢环境下慢应变速率拉伸,所有焊接热输入下的焊接接头均出现明显的应力腐蚀开裂,同时发现在相同浓度的湿硫化氢环境下,当焊接热输入从44.2 kJ/cm增加到49.7 kJ/cm时,焊接接头的应力腐蚀敏感性指数随之增大,当焊接热输入增大到55.3 kJ/cm时,由于焊缝区出现了针状铁素体,使其应力腐蚀敏感性得到缓解.     

7A52铝合金焊接件应力腐蚀性能评价

应用慢应变速率拉伸应力腐蚀实验方法和恒载荷拉伸应力腐蚀实验方法评价了7A52铝合金焊接试样的应力腐蚀(SCC)敏感性,并对断口微观形貌进行了分析.结果表明:使用5A56焊丝,采用金属焊条惰性气体焊接(MIG)工艺双面焊制成7A52焊接件应力腐蚀敏感性比较低,具有较好的抗应力腐蚀开裂性能;但当使用环境温度较高、施加应力大于90％σp0.2时,也有可能发生应力腐蚀开裂.断口微观分析表明焊接部位普遍存在气孔;高温或高应力下产生SCC开裂的断口存在明显的二次裂纹,并且随着应力水平的增加,二次裂纹增大.     

制冷设备中Q345R制氨贮存容器须焊后热处理的原因探讨

分析了制冷设备中Q345R制氨贮存容器须焊后热处理的原因,并提出了防止液氨压力容器应力腐蚀开裂的措施。     

球罐应力腐蚀开裂研究与安全性分析

对球罐应力腐蚀开裂的原因和主要影响因素进行了分析.针对16MnR和SPV50Q球罐用钢,在分析湿硫化氢环境下应力腐蚀开裂形式的基础上,通过改进的WOL预裂纹试样的应力腐蚀开裂试验,对不同球罐用钢、不同硫化氢浓度、不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂进行了研究,并对设备的安全性能进行了分析,进而提出了防止应力腐蚀开裂的对策.     

某井G105钻杆开裂失效分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、金相分析、力学性能测试、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法,对某井发生批量开裂的G105钻杆进行了分析。结果表明:该批钻杆硬度达到33 HRC,远高于NACE MR 0175-2009对抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)材料最高硬度要求值22HRC,钻杆的硫化物应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较高;钻杆开裂主要为硫化氢应力腐蚀而导致的脆性开裂,同时井底存在的CO2和Cl-加速了其腐蚀进程。建议在含有H2S气体的环境下使用抗硫钻杆进行作业,从而有效防止钻杆发生硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂。     

制冷压力容器用材在液氨中应力腐蚀研究

本文通过慢应变速度应力腐蚀试验，研究制冷压力容器用材16MnR、Q235-C、20R三种材料焊接接头在液氨中的应力腐蚀行为，评定其在液氨中发生应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性。     

硫化物应力腐蚀裂开时硫化氢极限浓度的研究

用慢应变速率应力腐蚀试验机研究了含硫天然气输气管道用钢在5%氯化钠溶液中的硫化物应力腐蚀裂开(SSCC) 敏感性与硫化氢浓度之间的关系.本文报导了20号钢和16锰钢在上述介质中发生SSCC的硫化氢极限浓度,为工程设计和生产过程的安全保障提供了重要的参数.     

超快冷工艺对高铌X80管线钢抗腐蚀性能的影响

依据NACE标准,研究了采用新型超快速冷却工艺生产的X80管线钢抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)、抗氢致开裂(HIC)和抗CO2等腐蚀的情况.SSCC腐蚀实验表明,产生开裂的临界应力值在65 ％σs (390MPa)左右,超过此临界值,试样的腐蚀敏感性较高,抗腐蚀能力较差,在95％σs加载水平下,应力敏感性极高.HIC腐蚀实验表明,裂纹敏感百分比、裂纹长度百分比和裂纹厚度百分比均为零.抗CO2腐蚀实验表明,在CO2压力为0.1MPa条件下,平均腐蚀速率为0.6843mm/a.研究表明采用新型超快冷工艺生产的X80管线钢具有优良的抗SSCC腐蚀性能、抗HIC腐蚀性能和抗CO2腐蚀性能.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。