CVI制备Si3N4p/Si3N4透波材料表征与性能

以SiCl4-NH3-H2为反应体系，采用化学气相渗透（CVI）法制备Si3N4p／Si3N4透波材料．XRF测试表明试样主要含Si、N、O三种元素．XRD测试表明复合材料主要成分为α-Si3N4和非晶沉积物和非晶SiO2，并有微量的β-Si3N4和晶体Si，高温热处理可使非晶沉积物转变为α-Si3N4和β-Si3N4．SEM照片显示颗粒团间结合不够致密，残留气孔偏大．试样的弯曲强度最高为94MPa，介电常数为4．1-4．8．     

ZrB2-Si3N4高温复相陶瓷的制备及抗氧化机理研究

由于ZrB2具有极高的熔点、强度、硬度和导电率等许多优异性能,因而其应用领域非常广泛.研究了ZrB2-Si3N4复相陶瓷的制备和高温下的氧化机理.结果表明,在1700℃、15MPa、2h烧结务件下制备的ZrB2-20%Si3N4复相陶瓷的致密度为98%左右.ZrB2-Si3N4复相陶瓷在高温氧化时生成了SiO2,并且SiO2液相容易在复相陶瓷表面富集形成一层保护膜,有望提高陶瓷在更高氧化温度下的抗氧化性能.     

反应烧结Si3N4/SiC复相陶瓷合成工艺优化的研究

利用反应烧结制备Si3N4结合SiC复合材料.设计了L9(34)正交试验方案,研究了原料中Si、添加剂Al2O3、Y2O3的含量对复合材料力学性能的影响,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对复合材料的相组成、断口形貌进行分析.结果表明,反应烧结后试样生成了颗粒状的α-Si3N4、针状或棒状的β-Si3N4和少量的Sialon,其中针状或棒状的β-Si3N4和SiC形成三维网络结构,提高了材料的力学性能.优化实验得到的试样力学性能显著提高,其中维氏硬度2205、抗弯强度410MPa、断裂韧性为8MPa·m1/2.     

电磁场对低碳MgO-C耐火材料渣蚀性能的影响研究

采用碳含量为6％的低碳MgO-C耐火材料和CaO/SiO2为0.8的渣,分别在中频感应炉和电阻炉中进行渣蚀实验.对在不同环境下渣蚀后的试样进行X射线衍射( x-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和EDAX分析.结果表明,感应炉环境中存在电磁场,其渣蚀试样渗透层中高温相结构紧密,在界面处形成镁铁固溶体( Mg1-x FexO)和镁锰固溶体(Mg1x MnxO),低熔相主要为含少量铁锰氧化物的钙镁橄榄石[Ca Mg( Fe、Mn)SiO4].电阻炉中无电磁场,渣蚀试样界面没有固溶体形成,低熔相主要为硅酸钙(CaSiOa)、镁蔷薇辉石(Ca3MgSi2O8)和钙镁橄榄石(CaMgSiO4).在高温下,电磁场的存在提高了Fe2+/3+,Mn2的扩散系数,以及与镁砂中Mg2的置换能力,有助于形成镁铁固溶体和镁锰固溶体.无论有无电磁场作用,渗透层都有镁铝尖晶石( MgAl2O4)生成.电磁场环境加剧了熔渣对MgO-C耐火材料的侵蚀.     

振动浇注成形的高强度碳化硅基耐火材料

以黑碳化硅、烧结白刚玉粉(WFA),二氧化硅微粉(MS),氧化铝微粉(RA),铝酸钙水泥(CAC)作为主原料,添加不同比例的金属硅粉,采用振动浇注+高温氮化的工艺制备了碳化硅基耐火材料.研究了金属硅含量分别为5％、7％、9％,氮化温度分别为1300℃、1420℃、1500℃对试样冷/热态抗折强度、物相组成和显微结构的影响.结果表明:试样的冷态和热态强度随氮化温度的增加和原料中金属硅含量的增加而增加.1420℃氮化后,原料中金属硅含量为7％和9％的试样,1200℃的热态强度都可超过50MPa.原位形成的大量氮化物将颗粒与基质结合,形成网络结构.氮化物的形成及其结构对提高冷态和热态强度起决定作用.     

稀土Lu2O3对氮化硅陶瓷性能的影响

以稀土氧化物Lu2O3作为单一添加剂,研究了稀土氧化物的添加量对氮化硅在相变过程密度、力学性能的影响规律.指出了氮化硅粉体的α→β相变率与稀土氧化物的添加量、粉体的热处理温度之间的关系.研究表明:加入Lu2O3添加剂后,β-Si3N4相的比率随着温度的升高呈明显上升趋势,当热处理温度达到1750℃时,β-Si3N4相的比率几乎接近或达到100％.随着Lu2O3含量的增加,在烧结过程中所形成的液相量随之增多,相对密度随之提高.随Lu2O3添加量的增加,试样的抗弯强度也增大,在10％时达到峰值,抗弯强度为1259.90MPa;氮化硅陶瓷的硬度随Lu2O3添加量的变化规律与抗弯强度的变化规律相似.Lu2O3含量在10％时,试样的断裂韧性值达到最大,为6.277MPa·m1/2.     

以AC发泡剂为添加剂燃烧合成α-Si3N4粉体

以硅粉和Si3N4粉体为反应剂,偶氮二甲酰胺(AC发泡剂)为添加剂,利用燃烧合成技术在较低氮气压力下制备了高α相含量的Si3N4粉体.采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜分别对产物的物相组成及显微结构进行了表征,研究了AC发泡剂对α相Si3N4粉体的形成和产物颗粒形貌的影响.结果表明,AC发泡剂能促进硅粉快速氮化,产物中α-Si3N4的含量随着AC发泡剂添加量的增加而增加.当AC发泡剂的添加量为24wt%时,产物中α-Si3N4的含量高达85.2wt%.对AC发泡剂作用下的燃烧合成Si3N4的反应机理做了初步探讨,研究表明:AC发泡剂的分解产物N2、CO、NH3不仅增加了坯体的透气性,而且改变了燃烧反应的传热和传质路线,从而促进了硅粉快速氮化和α-Si3N4粉体的生成.     

仿生制备多孔氮化硅陶瓷

以松木炭化后形成的多孔木炭为模板,经Y2O3/SiO2混合溶胶浸渍生物碳模板形成Y2O3/SiO2/C复合体,在高压氮气氛下(0.6MPa),1600°C碳热还原氮化制备出牛物形态多孔氮化硅陶瓷.借助XRD、SEM研究了烧结助剂、烧结温度、反应时间和烧结气氛对烧结产物显微结构和晶相的影响,探讨了多孔Si3N4陶瓷的反应过程和机理.结果表明,多孔si3N4陶瓷是由主晶相β-Si3N4和少量晶间玻璃相YsSi4n4O14组成;多孔Si3N4不仅保留了松木的管胞结构,还在孔道中生长出纤维状形貌的β-Si3N4颗粒;Si3N4的反应烧结过程包括α-Si3N4的形成、晶形转变(α-β相变)和晶粒生长三个阶段.在1450°C烧结的机理是气-固和气-气反应机理,在1600°C通过液相烧结的溶解-沉淀机理形成纤维状的多孔Si3N4陶瓷.     

高温自蔓延燃烧合成的β-Si3N4粉体的烧结

研究了MgO，Al2O3和Y2O3作为烧结助剂对高温自蔓延工艺合成(SHS)的β-Si3N4粉料烧结过程的影响．结果发现，MgO是较为有效的烧结助剂，当其加入量为10wt％时，试样在1600℃下热压烧结能基本实现致密化．对试样的XRD分析表明，除了加入的A1203与β-Si3N4反应生成β-Sialon外，其他烧结助剂都不与β-Si3N4反应，只存在于玻璃相中．添加MgO的试样具有较高的力学性能．最后，对材料的显微形貌进行了SEM观察．     

高温氮化法制备z=3的β-Sialon材料

以Al2O3粉、Al粉和Si粉为主要原料,经高温氮化反应制备β-Sialon材料。研究了TiO2烧结助剂、烧结温度和保温时间对制备β-Sialon材料的影响。结果表明,添加TiO2作烧结助剂,在N2气氛中于1500℃保温5h后烧成的试样耐压强度达到76.94MPa、体积密度达到2.86g/cm3;试样以β-Sialon为主晶相,晶粒发育较好,呈棱柱状,直径约为1μm,长度约为2μm,且分布比较均匀,提高了材料的强度。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。