高速钢高温变形再结晶规律研究

本文研究了W9Mo~3Cr~4V钢的热变形奥氏体动态再结晶规律。结果表明:由于形变诱发析出碳化物的影响,W9Mo~3Cr~4V钢热变形奥氏体动态再结晶方式与低碳低合金钢的晶界弓出机构和晶界生核机构不同,是通过亚晶合并形成再结晶晶粒的,即亚晶合并机构。当形变速率较低时,可由亚晶粒直接形成再结晶晶粒。形变温度和形变速率对W9Mo~3Cr~4V钢热变形奥氏体动态再结晶影响比较复杂,不能简单地用Z参数来统一描述。     

Zr对Ti微合金化低碳钢形变奥氏体再结晶和析出相的影响

通过多道次模拟压缩实验，研究不同Zr和Ti含量的三种Ti微合金化低碳钢在950℃~1050℃形变奥氏体再结晶和析出相的变化和最佳变形温度。结果表明，Ti含量的提高和Zr的加入使Ti微合金钢形变奥氏体的再结晶和晶粒长大延迟。Zr的加入还能增加Ti微合金钢中析出相的数量、改善析出相尺寸分布的均匀性进而得到相对均匀的奥氏体组织。变形温度为1000℃时的Ti-Zr微合金钢奥氏体组织最细小均匀。     

ZG35Cr25Ni12NNbRE钢中黑斑组织的成因探讨

ZG35Cr2 5Ni12奥氏体耐热铸钢经固溶时效后的显微组织由初晶奥氏体、共晶碳化物 ,以及在奥氏体基体上时效析出的二次碳化物组成 ;使用 3.5a(年 )后二次碳化物增多 ,共晶碳化物附近的“无析出区”消失 ,并在许多共晶碳化物内部形成黑斑组织。研究表明 ,黑斑组织是富含稀土元素的氮碳化物ε (Cr ,Fe) 2 (N ,C)相 ,是在长期高温过程中通过消耗共晶碳化物形成的     

Nb、Ti微合金钢中碳氮化物固溶与再析出的研究

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了再加热温度、奥氏体区变形温度和组织转变温度的变化对Nb、Ti微合金钢组织性能及其碳氮化物固溶与再析出行为的影响.结果表明:钢中加入铌,主要利用铌的碳氮化物在奥氏体形变过程中的再析出,抑制形变奥氏体的再结晶,在随后的组织演变过程中细化了组织;而钢中加入较高含量的钛,主要利用钛的碳化物在铁素体中的析出,产生明显的沉淀强化作用.这主要是铌、钛的碳氮化物固溶后,在奥氏体和铁素体中再析出的不同所造成的.钢中复合加入Nb-Ti后既起到细化晶粒的作用,又起到析出强化的作用.细晶强化既提高钢的强度又提高钢的韧性,但沉淀强化在大幅提高钢的强度的同时恶化了钢的韧性.     

热变形奥氏体状态对珠光体转变动力学的影响

本文在40Cr 钢上研究了热变形奥氏体状态对珠光体转变运力学的影响,所得结论如下:1)在本文的试验条件下,高温形变有促使珠光体转变的作用;2)奥氏体状态必然对以后的相变动力学及相变产物的组织与性能有显著影响,研究形变对钢的相变以及相变后的组织与性能的影响,必须明确相变前奥氏体所处的状态,即加工硬化状态或再结晶状态等等;3)于再结晶状态下,形变对珠光体转变的促进作用,是再结晶细化晶粒作用的反映。晶粒愈细小,单位体积内的晶界面积愈大,从而使相变的核心数目增多,导致转变速度的加快。     

Nb、Ti微合金钢中碳氮化物固溶与再析出的研究

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了再加热温度、奥氏体区变形温度和组织转变温度的变化对Nb、Ti微合金钢组织性能及其碳氮化物固溶与再析出行为的影响。结果表明:钢中加入铌,主要利用铌的碳氮化物在奥氏体形变过程中的再析出,抑制形变奥氏体的再结晶,在随后的组织演变过程中细化了组织;而钢中加入较高含量的钛,主要利用钛的碳化物在铁素体中的析出,产生明显的沉淀强化作用。这主要是铌、钛的碳氮化物固溶后,在奥氏体和铁素体中再析出的不同所造成的。钢中复合加入Nb-Ti后既起到细化晶粒的作用,又起到析出强化的作用。细晶强化既提高钢的强度又提高钢的韧性,但沉淀强化在大幅提高钢的强度的同时恶化了钢的韧性。     

ZG35Cr25Ni12NINbRE钢中黑斑组织的成因探讨

ZG35Gr25Ni12奥氏体耐热铸钢经固溶时效后的显微组织由初晶奥氏体、共晶碳化物，以及在奥氏体基体上时效析出的二次碳化物组成；使用3.5a（年）后二次碳化物增多，共晶碳化物附近的“无析出区“消失，并在许多共晶碳化物内部形成黑斑组织。研究表明，黑斑组织是富含稀土元素的氮碳化物ε-（Cr，Fe）2（N，C）相，是在长期高温过程中通过消耗共晶碳化物形成的。     

45钢和40CrNiMo钢的热变形与再结晶规律的研究

本文阐述了热变形参数对45钢和40CrNiMo钢再结晶行为和组织状态的影响。并用热变形奥氏体再结晶图来描述了热变形后奥氏体所处状态。文中还对动态再结晶和静态再结晶动力学;形变量对动态再结晶和静态再结晶晶粒大小的影响进行了分析。     

P91热轧无缝钢管的TMCP模拟

基于无缝钢管PQF工艺并结合其动态相变规律研究结果,制定P91热轧无缝钢管TMCP,使用Gleeble1500-D热模拟试验机对P91钢进行TMCP穿孔、连轧及定径热变形模拟,使用SEM和TEM观察变形各阶段的精细组织结构,分析P91钢管在TMCP条件下的微观组织遗传规律,研究了形变奥氏体的细化、强化及其马氏体相变行为。结果表明：对于P91钢管,采用TMCP,穿孔及连轧真应变达1.8的高温大变形易实现再结晶、细化形变奥氏体晶粒,990℃低温定径变形累积强化形变奥氏体、诱导马氏体相变,结合1℃/s的控制冷却得到了细化至0.1~0.5 μm的马氏体板条。还发现,板条内的亚结构为2~20 nm的微细孪晶及高密度位错,析出了20 nm×100 nm的(Cr,Fe,Mo)₂₃C₆纳米级碳化物。这种组织特征遗传了P91钢管TMCP细晶强化、析出强化及相变强化效果,大大提高了P91钢管的力学性能,并由实际生产验证了P91钢管TMCP的可行性。     

含铝超高碳钢等温球化工艺的研究

在对超高碳钢进行铝合金化的基础上,利用成分不均匀奥氏体化加热控制,提出了锻态超高碳钢(UHCs-1.6Al)有效的无形变球化工艺,并利用扫描电镜对先共析碳化物的析出及球化进行了观察,分析了碳化物的球化机理.结果表明,通过对UHCs-1.6Al成分不均匀奥氏体化加热,使先共析碳化物在随后冷却时以粒状形式在基体上弥散析出,利用等温过程使其球化长大,并使奥氏体继续冷却时发生离异共析转变,从而获得球化组织;碳化物颗粒的尺寸可以通过等温温度和等温时间控制;当奥氏体化进行充分时,先共析碳化物析出的孕育期延长,部分碳化物在随后共析转变中以片状形式形成;UHCs-1.6Al最佳球化工艺的奥氏体化透烧温度和等温温度分别为850～870℃和780～800℃.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.