后处理工艺对红葡萄酒多酚物质和色度的影响

研究了后处理工艺对葡萄酒色度和多酚物质含量的影响,为合理制定工艺提供依据.实验表明,下胶、冷冻和膜过滤等后处理工艺都不同程度的降低了葡萄酒的色度和总酚含量,降低了葡萄酒的外观颜色和品质,其中大的下胶量和长时间冷冻处理对葡萄酒的色度和总酚含量影响最大,最大下降比率分别为16.0％、6.7％和14.7％、14.2％,而从勾兑到灌装,所有处理使色度和总酚累计下降25.3％、18.8％;对如何降低后处理工艺对葡萄酒色度和多酚的影响,提出了可行性建议.     

SO2对红葡萄酒酚类物质的影响

本文探讨了不同PH值和SO2含量对红葡萄酒酚类物质的影响,结果表明,PH值,SO2含量对红葡萄酒的色度,总酚均有一定的影响,而单宁没有。     

不同发酵工艺对红葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化性的影响

以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠为试材,采用小罐酿造的方式,对不同发酵工艺对葡萄酒的酚类物质和抗氧化性的影响进行了研究。结果表明:发酵工艺及成熟过程对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化性均有较大影响,其中,能够增加总酚、黄酮类和单宁类物质含量的工艺为热浸渍和延长浸渍发酵,能够增加花青素含量的工艺为延长浸渍和高控温发酵;在成熟过程中,葡萄酒的酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性都有所降低;对抗氧化性的影响和对总酚的影响大致类似,热浸渍和延长浸渍发酵所获得的葡萄酒抗氧化活性较高。     

稳定工艺对干红葡萄酒花色素苷的影响

研究了后处理稳定工艺中对干红葡萄酒花色素苷影响的因素,采用正交试验方法筛选出最佳的工艺组合。结果表明,各影响因素的主次顺序为下胶量〉冷冻时间〉过滤方法,即A〉B〉C,最优酒精发酵工艺条件为A2B2C1,即下胶量为60mg／L,冷冻时间为10d,过滤方法为硅藻土1次过滤,最为合适。     

不同氧化程度和年份葡萄酒总酚含量研究

利用福林-肖卡试剂比色法对葡萄酒中总酚进行了测定,研究了葡萄酒氧化对葡萄酒总酚含量的影响和葡萄酒酒龄(年份)与总酚含量的关系。结果表明:葡萄酒在氧化条件下,总酚含量出现下降;葡萄酒总酚含量与酒龄(年份)的没有相关性。     

竹叶青酒中12种药材总黄酮、总酚含量及色度稳定性研究

研究利用紫外分光光度计测定了竹叶青酒中12种药材的总黄酮、总酚等化学成分的含量,并分析了12种药材在一定光照和温度条件下的色度变化情况,结果显示丁香提取液的多酚含量最高,菊花提取液的黄酮含量最高,多酚含量仅次于丁香。12种药材中,只有菊花提取液在极限环境下的色度值会上升。     

温度对软包装葡萄酒总酚和氧化褐变的影响

在不同温度条件下对红葡萄酒进行储存实验,运用福林-酚比色法测定不同温度条件下葡萄酒中总酚含量,同时检测葡萄酒褐变度的变化规律,研究分析温度对红葡萄酒氧化褐变及其氧化褐变速率的影响。研究发现,温度越高,葡萄酒总酚减少越快,氧化褐变度也越大。研究将为红葡萄酒储存和包装研究提供理论基础。     

昌黎特定小产区赤霞珠成熟过程中理化指标变化规律的研究

本文以2009年和2010年中粮华夏长城葡萄酿酒有限公司昌黎地区五个特定小产区赤霞珠为研究材料,综合考虑各小产区的不同气候条件和土壤状况两大类因素,研究该地区赤霞珠主要理化指标总糖、总酸、单宁、总酚、色度、花色苷的变化规律,为优化葡萄田间管理、筛选优质葡萄产区提供参考,为葡萄栽培生产提供理论依据,也为酿制具有产区特色葡萄酒奠定基础.     

草莓发酵酒澄清稳定处理技术

通过澄清剂筛选和冷稳定处理,以澄清度和色度为指标,研究了草莓发酵酒的澄清稳定处理方法。结果显示:酪蛋白质和壳聚糖可使草莓酒达到较高澄清度,但对酒体色度影响较大;皂土可使草莓酒达到一定澄清度,且对酒体色度影响小。使用壳聚糖或皂土对草莓酒进行下胶,并经冷冻处理,可使草莓酒长期保持较高澄清度;和壳聚糖相比皂土对酒体色度影响小,使用600 mg/L的皂土下胶并进行冷冻处理,可作为草莓发酵酒的最佳澄清稳定处理方案。     

陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄冷冻处理酿酒特性研究

葡萄酒中多酚、单宁等功能性成分主要来源于葡萄果皮中,为提高葡萄酒中的酚类物质含量,改善葡萄酒的口感,试验以陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄浆果为原料,分别在-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度下进行冷冻处理葡萄浆果并进行小容器酿酒试验,研究了葡萄原料经冷冻处理后葡萄酒中理化指标的差异变化,以及冷冻处理对葡萄酒感官特性的影响。结果表明：赤霞珠葡萄原料经-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度冷冻处理后,葡萄酒中单宁和总酚物质的含量显著增高,且-20℃冷冻处理后含量最高,其中单宁含量为29.54mg/L,总酚含量为129.71mg/L;葡萄原料经-20℃冷冻处理后,葡萄酒的外观、口感和总体评定显著提高。     

酚酸类物质对杨梅发酵酒贮藏期间色泽和挥发性风味物质的影响

为研究杨梅发酵酒贮藏过程中色泽及风味变化，本实验采用气相离子迁移谱仪、色差计、电子舌和感官评价方法探究酚酸类物质对杨梅发酵酒的辅色作用、挥发性风味变化和感官指标的影响。结果表明：单宁酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸均对杨梅发酵酒具有辅色作用，减缓了a*、C*值和ΔE*值的变化趋势，明显增强了杨梅发酵酒贮藏期间色泽稳定性；通过气相离子迁移谱技术分析添加酚酸类物质杨梅发酵酒与对照组挥发性风味物质的二维、三维谱图和指纹图谱，发现添加酚酸类物质杨梅发酵酒在挥发性风味物质组成和含量上与对照组差异不明显；电子舌分析能够很好地区分对照组与添加酚酸类物质的杨梅发酵酒；添加芥子酸辅色的杨梅发酵酒更接近对照组杨梅发酵酒的感官品质。因此，宜选用芥子酸作为杨梅发酵酒的辅色剂。     

制桶工艺对橡木桶所含化学组分含量的影响

制桶的选材、风干、烘烤等工艺会改变橡木桶板材所含挥发性香气物质、酚类物质等化学组分的含量，从而影响橡木桶贮酒过程对葡萄酒质量的影响。研究表明，酿制橡木香较浓郁的葡萄酒选用美国白栎较好，酿造橡木香、果香、酒香协调的葡萄酒则选择欧洲橡木较适宜：板材风干过程对橡木板材中的总酚、单宁含量及挥发性香气物质香兰素和橡木内酯（MOL）的含量均有影响；烘烤强度可改变橡木木材原有的化学组分含量，使橡木桶具有不同的呈香特性和酚类物质含量。     

Degree of hydrolysis of some vegetable proteins used as fining agents and its influence on polyphenol removal from red wine

The increasing demand for economic and efficient wine fining leads to the search for alternatives to traditionally used proteins, preferably new products with the side effect of non-allergenicity. A comparative fining trial on laboratory scale with equal quantities of vegetable proteins, partly used for the first time as fining agents for wine in Germany, was accomplished. Spectrum of wheat, rice, maize and potato proteins was expanded by enzymatic hydrolysis, additionally to evaluate influence of protein structure on fining effects. Proteins were modified by two different enzymes, proline-specific endopeptidase (PeP) and alcalase. Molecular weight distributions and degree of hydrolysis (DH) were compared to color intensity and HPLC data of phenolic marker substances primarily responsible for bitterness and astringency. With a total of 20 different varieties of fining agents, statistical evaluation was performed for a rapid exploratory analysis of taste improvement without the need for sensorial tests. Overall, influence on phenol composition and color intensity decreased with the degree of proteolysis. The effect of maize proteins and corresponding hydrolyzates was rather low, whereas maize proteins were nearly not influenced by the use of 2 different peptidases. Wheat proteins with highest proline content (about 9–10%) and molecular weight fractions of 14 and 30–45 kDa had a pronounced effect on color intensity. Rice and potato proteins with only half of proline content and molecular weight fractions mainly ranging between 10 and 32 kDa showed less effect on wine color, but preferably on phenolic marker compounds mainly responsible for bitter and astringent taste sensations.     

贺兰山东麓赤霞珠干红葡萄酒陈酿过程中颜色变化研究

研究贺兰山东麓赤霞珠干红葡萄酒陈酿过程颜色特性和花色苷变化规律。以贺兰山东麓同一酒庄10个垂直年份(2005—2006年、2008—2015年)赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为实验材料,测定其CIELab颜色空间参数,利用光谱和液相色谱方法量化分析葡萄酒样品中花色苷的组成和含量。结果表明,随着酒龄的增加,明亮度L*、黄色色调b*呈增加趋势,红色色调a*呈降低趋势;综合指标色调角H*ab呈增加趋势,在陈酿前4年增量明显,在陈酿第8年之后趋于稳定。反映在葡萄酒颜色上,供试酒样在前4年由紫红色迅速向黄红色转变,8年后稳定在棕红色;葡萄酒总花色苷的含量呈下降趋势,最高为2015年酒样197.85 mg/L,在陈酿前4年迅速下降至71.18 mg/L;陈酿第8年下降至16.53 mg/L并趋于稳定,其变化规律与颜色“黄移”规律一致。从颜色的变化来看,贺兰山东麓的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒与法国波尔多地区相比稳定性略差,与之前对宁夏产区葡萄酒颜色稳定性的研究结果相一致。实验建立了酒龄与色调角、总花色苷含量间的回归方程,拟合度好,可以作为判定贺兰山东麓赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酒龄的简便方法。     

酿酒酵母F15和CC17共接种发酵对赤霞珠葡萄酒品质及感官特性的影响

为解决使用单一商业酵母菌株发酵引起的葡萄酒“同质化”问题,本研究以河北昌黎产赤霞珠葡萄为原料,以商业酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）F15和本土优良酿酒酵母CC17为发酵剂进行单菌株和双菌株共接种（F15:CC17=1:1）发酵,同时监测酒精发酵过程中比重、温度、残糖、乙醇、总酸、pH、花青素、单宁、总酚、色度和色调的变化。发酵结束（192 h）后,分别对酒的香气成分和感官特性进行了测评。结果表明:与F15单菌株发酵相比,双菌株共接种发酵能够提高赤霞珠葡萄酒中花青素、单宁和总酚含量,增加酒的色度并使色调更趋向于红色;与CC17单发酵相比,共发酵组残糖、总酸含量较低;共发酵调谐主要香气成分,并增加饱和脂肪酸乙酯的含量。此外,感官评价结果表明共发酵葡萄酒色、香、味均优于F15单独发酵。因此,在酒精发酵过程中采用商业酵母与本土菌株共发酵是改善葡萄酒品质和感官特性有效方法。     

不同酿酒酵母发酵对干红葡萄酒品质的影响

为得到优良的本土酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）,以商业酿酒酵母（DS、CECA、CEC01）为对照,采用本土优良酿酒酵母WJ1、Q12发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒,测定其发酵过程中总酸、残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量的变化,并对葡萄酒进行感官评价。结果表明,不同酿酒酵母发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒过程中总酸、残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量变化趋势一致。本土酿酒酵母WJ1发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酸度较高,为6.92 g/L,残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量分别为3.32 g/L、15.0%vol、282.35 mg/L、204.95 mg/L、3 110.04 mg/L,感官评分为89分,显著高于商业酿酒酵母（P＜0.05）。酿酒酵母Q12发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酸度、残糖、酒精度分别为3.87 g/L、3.5 g/L、14.8%vol,花色苷、单宁和总酚含量分别为192.22 mg/L、205.01 mg/L、2 215.37 mg/L,感官评分为70分,显著低于商业酿酒酵母（P＜0.05）。因此,本土酿酒酵母WJ1可用作发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的商业酵母。     

The Study of Phenolic Compounds as Natural Antioxidants in Wine

Plant phenolics present in fruit and vegetables, and that are particularly rich in red wine, have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. Human consumption of antioxidants has many alleged health benefits, including protection against cardiovascular diseases, and, most recently, cancer. Red wines contain a variety of polyphenolic antioxidants. Five samples of commercial red wines from Spain and four phenolic compounds of red wine: gallic acid, trans-resveratrol, quercetin and rutin, have been studied. The total phenolics content and the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of wines was determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, varied from 1800 to 2300?mg/L, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The antioxidative effects of wine phenolics were determined using a system based on the inhibition by antioxidants of the absorbance of the radical cation. The relationship between antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, as hydrogen donating free radical scavengers, and their chemical structures was studied. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of the wines investigated was well correlated with phenol content. Thus, the results confirm that red wine polyphenols are, in vitro, significant antioxidants.     

The study of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants in wine

Plant phenolics present in fruit and vegetables, and that are particularly rich in red wine, have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. Human consumption of antioxidants has many alleged health benefits, including protection against cardiovascular diseases, and, most recently, cancer. Red wines contain a variety of polyphenolic antioxidants. Five samples of commercial red wines from Spain and four phenolic compounds of red wine: gallic acid, trans-resveratrol, quercetin and rutin, have been studied. The total phenolics content and the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of wines was determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, varied from 1800 to 2300 mg/L, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The antioxidative effects of wine phenolics were determined using a system based on the inhibition by antioxidants of the absorbance of the radical cation. The relationship between antioxidant activity of phenolic comounds, as hydrogen donating free radical scavengers, and their chemical structures was studied. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of the wines investigated was well correlated with phenol content. Thus, the results confirm that red wine polyphenols are, in vitro, significant antioxidants.     

生姜蛋白酶对红葡萄酒澄清效果的研究

用生姜蛋白酶对红葡萄酒进行澄清试验,分析红葡萄酒的pH、蛋白质含量、色度、色调和多酚指数等理化指标并结合感官评价,进一步研究生姜蛋白酶对红葡萄酒的澄清效果。结果表明,红葡萄酒中添加生姜蛋白酶后,生姜蛋白酶对红葡萄酒的pH变化趋势影响不显著,可以保持红葡萄酒色调稳定,澄清度显著提高,多酚指数的变化趋势比较的平稳。感官分析发现,经0.25μg/mL处理过的红葡萄酒,颜色呈宝石红;澄清透明度较好,且有光泽,无明显悬浮物;香气差异不大,具有纯正、优雅、怡悦、和谐的果香和酒香;品尝红葡萄酒的滋味,具有纯净、幽雅、爽怡的口味和新鲜悦人的果香味,并其酒体完整,典型突出,明确,符合GB15073。综合各指标得出结论：生姜蛋白酶作用于红葡萄酒的最适浓度为0.25μg/mL,最佳作用时间是12～30d。