60Si2Mn弹簧钢半固态浆料的制备研究

研究了60Si2Mn弹簧钢半固态浆料的制备规律，结果表明：在本实验条件下，当搅拌时间为2min时，可以获得尺寸大小为100-300μm、固相率为40％～50％的球状初生奥氏体的半固态浆料，这样的半固态浆料便于从搅拌室底孔中放出；电磁搅拌使60Si2Mn弹簧钢熔体获得均匀的温度场和溶质场，抑制了发达的初生奥氏体枝晶的形成，为球状晶的获得奠定了基础；电磁搅拌引起蔷薇状初生奥氏体枝晶出现强烈的温度起伏和枝晶臂根部熔断是获得球状晶粒最重要的原因。     

工艺参数对引晶法制备半固态浆料组织的影响

采用引晶法(Introducing Grain Process,简称IGP)制备半固态金属浆料,研究了工艺参数对半固态A356铝合金浆料组织的影响,讨论了球状初生α(Al)晶粒的形成机制及形貌控制.结果表明:当合金温度为630℃、制备浆料为4 kg时,如果引晶尺寸为10 mm、加入量为3.5%(质量分数)和倾倒温度为611～617℃,半固态浆料中初生α(Al)晶粒的平均直径可达40~75μm,形状因子可达0.82~0.89.如果引晶尺寸为10 mm、倾倒温度为613℃、加入量为2%~4%,初生α(Al)晶粒的平均直径可达45~82μm,形状因子可达0.78~0.88.合金温度和倾倒温度适当降低、或者引晶加入量适当提高,组织越好.当QR=QA、Rh=Rc时,只要倾倒温度适宜就可以制备优质半固态浆料.引晶熔化时产生的枝晶碎块是半固态浆料中初生α(Al)晶粒的直接来源,引晶熔化时形成的温度过冷区也为异质形核提供了有利条件.     

双向间歇电磁搅拌对半固态A356-Ce合金凝固组织的影响

利用强剪切强对流的双向间歇电磁搅拌技术与低过热度浇注技术复合工艺作用合金熔体,制备了凝固显微组织形貌为晶粒尺寸细小、形态规则圆整的半固态A356-Ce合金铸锭,研究了在磁场作用时间恒定15 s时铝合金熔体施加不同磁场频率、间歇时间对合金中初生α相晶粒尺寸和形貌演变方式的影响规律。结果表明,在合理的试验磁场频率和间歇时间范围内,随着磁场频率和间歇时间增加,初生相的尺寸逐渐细化、圆整度和分布均匀性增大。在磁场频率30 Hz、间歇时间3 s电磁搅拌工艺条件下半固态初生相的晶粒尺寸细化和球化程度达到最佳,组织中初生晶粒均匀分布,初生相的形貌由初始发达粗大的树枝晶向细小圆整的球状非枝晶转变,其平均等积圆直径处于各磁场频率和间歇时间作用下的最小值35.2μm;平均形状因子达到了峰值0.81。采用该复合工艺可制备出满足流变成形需要的优质的流变浆料。     

双螺旋流变压铸AZ91D镁合金的研究

液态压铸是镁合金最主要的成形方式,但液态压铸件存在气孔等缺陷,限制了镁合金的进一步推广使用。介绍了采用双螺旋流变制浆技术,对镁合金AZ91D进行了流变压铸研究。首先,将镁合金AZ91D熔体浇入到双螺旋流变制浆机中,然后根据不同工艺参数制备流变镁合金浆料,待制浆结束后,将半固态浆料转移到压铸机内,制得半固态压铸件。采用Micro-Image Analysis&Process(MIAP)软件分析了双螺旋流变制浆工艺参数(搅拌温度、搅拌时间和转速)对镁合金AZ91D的初生相晶粒大小的影响,并研究了镁合金压铸成形性。结果表明:随着搅拌温度的降低,晶粒尺寸变化不是很大;随着搅拌时间延长,镁合金晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;随着搅拌速度的增加,镁合金平均晶粒尺寸减少。镁合金流变压铸件中的初生α相由搅拌中形成的球状晶及压铸过程中二次凝固形成的更为细小的球状晶组成。对比了普通压铸件与流变压铸件热处理后的力学性能,流变压铸件的力学性能得到大幅提高,其原因归结为铸态组织的细小和均匀化。     

电磁搅拌方式对A356铝合金凝固组织形貌分形维数的影响

利用分形几何中的分形维数定量表征了铝熔体经低过热度浇注和电磁搅拌作用下半固态合金浆料中初生相的尺寸细化和球化程度.通过OM、Matlab软件平台编制计盒维数法计算程序,研究半固态初生相α-Al形貌的分形特征和电磁搅拌方式对其形貌分形维数变化规律的影响.结果表明,合金的凝固组织具有分形特征,可通过分形维数对初生相尺寸细化和球化程度进行定量表征.初生相的形貌分形维数随搅拌方式由无搅拌、单向连续搅拌过渡到双向连续搅拌时,呈逐渐减小的变化规律,是一个降维的过程.在双向连续搅拌作用下初生相的分形维数最小,晶粒细化球化程度达到最佳     

Mg-Al系镁合金半固态组织二次凝固特征

半固态浆料液相的凝固行为决定了其二次凝固组织,这将直接影响半固态成形件的性能.Mg-Al系镁合金随着成分、凝固行为的不同,其二次凝固组织有较大的不同.该文描述了Mg-Al系合金半固态浆料液相凝固过程以及二次凝固组织特征,并针对其特征对其形成原因展开了分析.     

强磁场下Cu-25%Ag合金的凝固行为

研究了强磁场对Cu-25%Ag(质量分数)合金凝固组织的影响,分析了不同磁场条件对合金凝固组织的作用机理.研究发现,均恒磁场和梯度磁场对合金的凝固组织有重要影响,改变了富Cu枝晶形貌和尺寸,无磁场条件下初生富Cu枝晶分布不均匀,一次枝晶比较长且粗大,枝晶主要以柱状枝晶为主;在12T磁场条件下,富Cu枝晶分布比较均匀,一次枝晶变短、粗化,枝晶主要以胞状枝晶为主;在负梯度磁场条件下,富Cu枝晶分布不均匀,在试样下部,树枝晶减少,以小平面方式生长的粗大胞晶为主.通过实验研究表明,利用均恒强磁场控制Cu-Ag合金凝固组织,细化晶粒、减小偏析是具有可行性的.     

PMO对42CrMoA钢?300 mm圆坯枝晶组织的影响

枝晶形貌是影响铸坯元素分布、缩孔缩松及性能的重要因素，细化枝晶能够有效提高铸坯质量。研究了PMO处理对42CrMoA钢?300 mm连铸圆坯枝晶形貌的影响。研究发现，PMO处理坯的柱状枝晶生长方向发生偏转，枝晶臂间距明显减小，其中一次枝晶臂间距减小率为10%～35%,二次枝晶臂间距减小率为25%～35%。分析认为，PMO造成凝固前沿热流方向及溶质场变化，导致枝晶重新竞争生长，因此一次枝晶生长方向发生改变，且一次枝晶臂间距减小。另外，PMO在铸坯凝固前沿形成感生电流，固液相电导率差异造成枝晶尖端电流聚集，进而导致曲率半径增大，降低了细枝晶的溶解速率，抑制了二次枝晶的熟化过程，因此二次枝晶臂间距减小。研究结果为今后利用PMO改善铸坯枝晶组织提供了指导。     

半固态铝合金的制备工艺研究

采用自制的电磁搅拌装置，制备出具有球形初生相微粒的半固态Ａｌ６．６％Ｓｉ合金。研究了冷却速率和搅拌强度对半固态合金的球形初生相微粒形成的影响。球形初生相颗粒的生成必须具有适当的冷却速率，而高的磁感应强度则有利于初生相颗粒的细化、球化和均匀化。提出了球形初生相微粒演化机理，认为剧烈的搅拌使初生相在长大过程中，不断发生枝晶臂的弯曲融合、熔断和机械断裂。     

浇注温度对合金熔体冷却规律和半固态组织的影响

介绍了一种实验室自主研发的轻合金半固态浆料制备设备——锥桶式流变成形机(TBR),该设备利用刻有凸纹和沟槽的内、外锥桶的相对转动,使合金熔体在凝固过程中受到剧烈的剪切搅拌,从而获得合金半固态浆料.对TBR工艺的传热模型进行了推导,以A356为实验材料得出制备的A356铝合金半固态浆料温度与浇注温度的关系式,同时分析了不同浇注温度下合金熔体的冷却规律和获得的半固态组织形貌.结果表明,适当降低A356合金熔体的浇注温度可以延长初生固相受到的剪切时间和增加剪切次数,从而获得细小、均匀的半固态组织.当浇注温度为640℃时,初生固相平均晶粒尺寸为68μm,形状因子为0.82.     

Scaling Analysis of Solidification of Liquid Aluminum Alloy Flowing on Cooling Slope

Among all methods of metal alloy slurry preparation, the cooling slope method is the simplest in terms of design and process control. The method involves pouring of the melt from top, down an oblique and channel shaped plate cooled from bottom by counter flowing water. The melt, while flowing down, partially solidifies and forms columnar dendrites on plate wall. These dendrites are broken into equiaxed grains and are washed away with melt. The melt, together with the equiaxed grains, forms semisolid slurry collected at the slope exit and cast into billets having non-dendritic microstructure. The final microstructure depends on several process parameters such as slope angle, slope length, pouring superheat, and cooling rate. The present work involves scaling analysis of conservation equations of momentum, energy and species for the melt flow down a cooling slope. The main purpose of the scaling analysis is to obtain a physical insight into the role and relative importance of each parameter in influencing the final microstructure. For assessing the scaling analysis, the trends predicted by scaling are compared against corresponding numerical results using an enthalpy based solidification model with incorporation of solid phase movement.     

Microstructural Evolution of A356 Al Alloy During Flow Along a Cooling Slope

Cooling slope (CS) has been used in this study to prepare semi-solid slurry of A356 Al alloy, keeping in view of slurry generation on demand for Rheo-pressure die casting process. Understanding the physics of microstructure evolution during cooling slope slurry formation is important to satisfy the need of semi-sold slurry with desired shape, size and morphology of primary Al phase. Mixture of spherical and rosette shaped primary Al phase has been observed in the samples collected during melt flow through the slope as well as in the cast (mould) samples compared to that of dendritic shape, observed in case of conventionally cast A356 alloy. The liquid melt has been poured into the slope at 650?°C temperature and during flow it falls below the liquidus temperature of the said alloy, which facilitates crystallization of ??-Al crystals on the cooling slope wall. Crystal separation due to melt flow is found responsible for nearly spherical morphology of the primary Al phase.     

Preparation of A357 Alloy Slurry by Pulsed Magnetic Field Processing

Pulsed magnetic field (PMF) processing was employed for preparing semi-solid A357 alloy slurry in this study. The effects of pouring temperature and vibration power on the microstructure of the primary phase in semi-solid A357 alloy slurry were studied, and some characteristic parameters characterized the morphology and the grain size of the primary ??-Al particles were obtained. The results show that the primary ??-Al particles became finer and rounder with the decrease of pouring temperature and/or the increase of vibration power. However, over a certain vibration power, coarse structures appeared again. The slurry with the primary ??-Al particles of average diameter of approximately 92 ??m and average shape factor of 0.56 can be prepared under the action of a PMF at a vibration power of 250?W with pouring temperature of 903?K (630 °C). It was feasible to use PMF processing to prepare semi-solid alloy slurry because of its strong forced convection within the whole bulk melt.     

Grain coarsening in semi-solid state and tensile mechanical properties of thixoformed AZ91D-RE

For thixoforming to be possible,the microstructure of the starting material must be non-dendritic,which can be obtained by the strain induced melt activation(SIMA)route.Based on the SIMA route,as-cast AZ91D alloy with the addition of yttrium was deformed by cyclic closed-die forging(CCDF).Microstructure evolution of CCDF formed AZ91D-RE alloy during partial remelting were investigated.Furthermore,the mechanical properties of thixoformed AZ91D-RE magnesium alloy components were also studied.The results showed that prolonged holding time resulted in grain coarsening and the improvement in degree of spheroidization.The coarsening behaviour of solid grains in the semi-solid state obeyed Ostwald ripening mechanism.The coarsening rate constant of CCDF formed AZ91D-RE during partial remelting was 324 um3/s at 550℃.The value of yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture of four-pass CCDF formed AZ91D-RE magnesium alloy were 214.9,290.5 MPa and 14%,respectively.Then the four-pass CCDF formed alloys were used for thixoforming.After holding at 550℃ for 5 min,the values of yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture of thixoformed component were 189.6 MPa,274.6 MPa and 12%,respectively.However,prolonged holding time led to remarkable decrease in mechanical properties of thixoformed components.     

半固态A356合金重熔加热时初生相的组织演变

利用低过热度浇注技术制备了半固态A356铝合金坯料,研究了半固态温度区间重熔加热时半固态A356铝合金坯料的初生相形貌的转变过程.结果表明,在半固态两相区保温,半固态A356合金的初生相逐渐团球化,该过程随保温温度的升高而加快.半固态A356铝合金晶粒的圆度与保温温度和保温时间的关系不大,但晶粒的尺寸随着保温温度和保温时间的增加而增大.半固态A356合金试样重熔加热最佳工艺制度为583℃下保温30min,其晶粒平均等积圆直径为80μm,晶粒平均圆度为0.83.     

Preparation and theoretic study of semi-solid Al_2Y/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites slurry by ultrasonic vibration

Semi-solid Al2Y/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites slurry was prepared by ultrasonic vibration, effect of ultrasonic vibration temperature and time on microstructure of semi-solid slurry was investigated. The results showed that with the ultrasonic vibration temperature decreasing the solid volume fraction of semi-solid slurry increased. The best ultrasonic vibration temperature was 600 oC. With the increase of ultrasonic vibration time, the average grain diameter of primary а-Mg particles decreased firstly, then increased, the average shape factor increased gradually and decreased slightly after 90 s, and a few rosette dendrites were observed after 120 s. The best semi-solid slurry with average grain diameter of 75 μm and shape factor of 0.7 were gained after the melt was treated by ultrasonic vibration for about 60 s at near liquidus temperature(600 oC). At last, the microstructure evolution mechanism of semi-solid magnesium matrix composites slurry was analyzed by the theories of thermodynamics and kinetics.     

Effects of Solid–Liquid Mixing on Microstructure of Semi-Solid A356 Aluminum Alloy

The desired starting material for semi-solid processing is the semi-solid slurry in which the solid phase is present as fine and globular particles. A modified solid–liquid mixing (SLM) is reported wherein semi-solid slurry can be produced by mixing a solid alloy block into a liquid alloy, and mechanical vibration is utilized to enhance the mixing. Effects such as liquid alloy temperature, mass ratio, and mixing intensity on the microstructure and the cooling curves during SLM were evaluated. 2D and 3D microstructure analysis of treated A356 aluminum alloy shows that microstructure can be refined significantly with a considerable morphology change in primary Al phase. It is critical that the temperature of mixture after mixing is lower than its liquidus temperature to obtain a valid SLM process. Specially, mixing intensity is identified as a primary factor for a favorable microstructure of semi-solid slurry.     

Modeling of the Twin-Roll Casting Process: Transition from Casting to Rolling

During twin-roll casting, an alloy melt is passing the gap between two counter-rotating rolls, where cooling and solidification leads to the continuous formation of a solid strand. In order to describe this process, a two-phase Eulerian–Eulerian volume-averaging model is presented that accounts for (1) transport and growth of spherical grains within a flowing melt, (2) the formation of a coherent solid network above a specific solid fraction and (3) the viscoplastic flow of the solid network with the interstitial melt during casting and compression. For the considered case of an inoculated Al–4wt%Cu alloy, the process conditions are chosen such that two relatively thick viscoplastic semi-solid shells meet between the rolls, and thus, the material is pressed together and squeezed against the casting direction. The squeezed out material consists of segregated melt and some solid that quickly disappears after melting. It is observed during this study that macrosegregation distributions are inherently connected to the mush deformation that is enforced during the hot rolling process.     

Seeding of single-crystal superalloys—Role of constitutional undercooling and primary dendrite orientation on stray-grain nucleation and growth

An experimental study, together with a two-dimensional numerical simulation of solute segregation, was conducted to investigate (1) the mechanism for stray-grain nucleation following seed melt-back and initial withdrawal and (2) the role of the primary dendrite disposition of the seed crystal in relation to the mold wall during growth. It is proposed that the factors contributing to stray-grain nucleation during initial withdrawal are (1) the magnitude of local, solute-adjusted undercooling and (2) the rapidly changing curvature of the solidification front close to the mold walls during the initial solidification transient. Based upon the calculated local undercooling and experimentally observed stray-grain morphologies, it was concluded that stray grains nucleate near the mold wall around the seed perimeter and behind the columnar dendrites that advance into the bulk liquid ahead of the melt-back zone. These grains then compete during growth with the dendrites originating from the seed. Therefore, the morphological constraints arising from the inclination of the primary dendrites from the seed crystal with respect to the mold wall (converging/diverging/axial 〈001〉) determines the probability of the stray-grain nuclei developing into equiaxed/columnar grains following competitive growth.     

Preparation of Semisolid Slurry for Stainless Steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti

The preparation of nondendritic semisolid slurry for stainless steel 1Crl8Ni9Ti was studied. The experiments show that when stirred for 2--3 min under the test condition, the semisolid slurry with solid of about 50% and spherical primary austenite in size of 100--200μm can be obtained, and besides the slurry is easy to flow out through the bottom hole of thestirring chamber. More homogeneous temperature fields and solute fields of stainless steel 1Crl8Ni9Ti melt appear because of the electromagnetic stirring, which restrains the formation of large primary austenitic dendrites and creates a base to form spherical crystals of primary austenite. The stronger temperature fluctuation in the melt containing many stirring-initiated rosette primary austenitic grains, together with the simultaneous remelting of the secondary arm roots primarily account for the deposition of the spherical primary austenitic grains.