小铅试金富集-ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中的铂和钯

为了对地球化学样品中铂族元素快速、准确地进行分析测试,在实验的基础上,建立了小铅试金富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定地球化学样品中铂和钯的方法。以碱式碳酸铅代替氧化铅,以硝酸银为铂钯捕集剂,取样量为10 g时,试金配方具有较宽的使用范围;灰吹后的银合粒经硝酸溶解后以盐酸沉淀分离银,可有效去除测定干扰元素;采用ICP-MS可准确测定试液中的铂钯含量。方法加标回收率符合要求,对标准样品的测定结果与推荐值相符,适用于批量化探样品中痕量(0.1 ng/g)的铂和钯的分析。     

铋试金﹣二次灰吹﹣ICP-AES测定黑色岩中的铂、钯、金

黑色岩中的大量碳、硫、镍影响铋试金的捕集和操作。在铋试金配料中加入硝酸钾、铁粉、硝酸银和亚碲酸钾,可消除碳、硫的影响,且一次灰吹时铋扣能快速脱皮、二次灰吹可得到光滑圆整的贵金属碲银合粒。合粒经硝酸、盐酸溶解,电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)测定,铂、钯、金的回收率均大于97%,方法检出限为Pt 0.020 μg/g、Pd 0.020 μg/g、Au 0.021 μg/g。对标准物质测定结果的相对误差(RE)为-4.31%~3.77%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于6.92%。     

直接灰吹﹣ICP-AES测定粗铅中的金、银、铂和钯

含有铅、铋、锑、金、银、铂和钯等元素的粗铅采用火试金重量法测定时,不能同时得到铂和钯的含量数据。采用铅箔包裹样品置于灰皿中,于860℃直接灰吹得到贵金属的合粒(含少量铋、铅),合粒可用硝酸溶银,补加过量盐酸溶解金、铂和钯,试液用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定其中金、铂、钯和主要杂质元素(铋和铅)的含量,差减可得到银的含量,实现对金、银、铂和钯的同时测定。金、银、铂和钯的测定结果相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于2.95%,加标回收率在98.0%~99.8%之间,满足生产测定的要求。     

铅试金富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定树脂中钯

通过铅试金富集树脂中的钯并用银作钯灰吹保护,得到的银钯合粒用王水溶解,在5%的盐酸介质中,采用原子吸收光谱法测定钯,该法测钯的相对标准偏差RSD为0.53%,加标回收率在99.04%~100.10%之间。     

小试金-碲保护留铅灰吹富集测定矿石中痕量贵金属

采用小铅试金富集,以5 mg碲为灰吹保护剂,通过留铅灰吹法将矿石样品中痕量贵金属(金、铂、钯、铑、铱和钌)定量富集在50 mg左右的铅合粒中。铅合粒先以(1+1)硝酸溶解,再加入盐酸进一步增强溶解能力,基体通过以氯化铅形式沉淀得以分离,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定。相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为:Au 4.6%、Pt 8.7%、Pd 4.5%、Rh 9.2%、Ir 6.1%、Ru 5.8%。方法用于国家一级标准物质和黑色页岩样品中痕量贵金属的测定,测定值与认定值基本吻合。     

对经典试金分析的一些讨论

金在自然界中大都以元素状态散布在岩石层或砂矿中，分布极不均匀，因此金的分析存在不少困难。火法试金是把冶金学的原理和技术应用到分析化学中，使试样的分解和贵金属的富集结合在一起，达到贵金属与共存元素分离的目的。火法试金适应性广，富集效果好，根据所采用捕集剂的不同，火试金可分为铅试金、铋试金、锡试金、锑试金等。     

火试金-ICP-AES法测定铑派克废液中的铑

铑派克废液中因含有机物、磷和盐类，会影响其含量铑量的准确分析、测定。经对比试验采用火试金法进行样品前处理，火试金熔炼富集过程中添加含铑量3倍的铂和1倍的金富集铑，铑合金粒的密闭溶解；得到的试液采用ICP-AES测定。对含铑量为50~2000 g/t的样品，测定相对标准偏差(RSD)＜2%，加标回收率为96.7%~101.3%，满足生产分析要求。     

铅试金法测定硅氧烷铂配合物中的铂

硅氧烷铂配合物难于溶解。采用铅试金富集分离1,3-二乙烯基-1,1,3,3-四甲基二硅氧烷铂配合物,以银作灰吹保护剂,得到的合粒经王水溶解后,采用氯化铵沉淀法和DDO光度法测定得到铂的合量。方法回收率为99.25%~100.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.64%~0.78%,满足样品中铂含量测定要求。     

不同金锡合金中金含量的火试金测定

当金锡合金中锡含量超过35%,直接进行灰吹时,金、银合粒松散,不聚珠,灰皿中存在灰吹残留渣,导致火试金测定结果偏低。对高含量样品,研究采用熔炼-灰吹的操作可去除锡干扰,得到完整的合粒。对不同含量的样品宜选择不同的分金硝酸浓度。根据不同含量采用不同的操作步骤,测定金锡合金中金的加标回收率为99.74%~100.27%,方法精密度(RSD)为0.021%~0.127%。     

用金作保护剂铅试金富集汽车尾气净化催化剂中铂钯铑的研究

建立了用金作保护剂,铅试金一步富集汽车尾气净化催化剂中铂钯铑的方法。研究了金保护剂的条件,对比了不同方法的富集效果。结果表明:加入20～40 mg金作保护剂,试金配料硅酸度为1.0,进炉温度900℃1,130℃恒温10 min,熔炼时间50～60 min,灰吹温度910℃,可完全富集500μg铂钯铑。方法富集效果好,操作简便,适用于汽车尾气净化催化剂、熔炼渣以及日常样品中0.x～xxxx g/t铂钯铑的分析。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.