BAMO/AMMO共聚物基高能固体推进剂能量特性计算和分析

用"能量计算之星"程序(ECS)计算了以3,3-二叠氮甲基氧杂环丁烷(BAMO)与3-甲基-3-叠氮甲氧基氧杂环丁烷(AMMO)的嵌段共聚物(BAMO/AMMO)为黏合剂的高能固体推进剂的能量特性。研究了添加不同增塑剂(1,5-二叠氮-3-硝基氮杂戊烷(DIANP)、聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)、N-丁基-2-硝酸酯乙基硝胺(BuN ENA))、氧化剂(高氯酸铵(AP)、六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)及呋咱类化合物(3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)、二硝基偶氮氧化二呋咱(DNAF)、二叠氮基偶氮氧化呋咱(DAAOF))和高能燃料(铝粉(Al)、三氢化铝(AlH 3))对推进剂能量特性参数(比冲(ISP)、燃温(Tc)、氧系数(φ),等)的影响规律。结果表明:Bu NENA增塑的推进剂比冲高于DIANP或GAP增塑的BAM O/AM M O基推进剂。Bu NENA增塑的推进剂中,随着C L-20逐步替代AP,推进剂的Tc呈现先增后减的趋势。当CL-20含量大于55%时,推进剂比冲基本保持不变,趋于最大值。当C L-20完全替代AP,比冲下降。以D N AF代替C L-20可使推进剂比冲由2723.71 N·s·kg-1提高至2798.00 N·s·kg-1。以AlH 3替代Al与CL-20,同时提高体系φ时,推进剂能量得到大幅提高。     

GAP/NC交联改性双基推进剂能量及烟雾特性计算研究

利用推进剂能量特性计算程序,计算了以聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)改性单基球形药为粘合剂的GAP/硝化棉(NC)交联改性双基推进剂的能量性能。以燃烧产物中Al_2O_3、HCl的含量评价其烟雾特性。结果表明,随着增塑剂端叠氮基聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAPA)含量的增大,理论比冲先增加后降低。随着粘合剂中GAP含量的增加,理论比冲降低,燃烧温度降低;而且增塑比越小,降低的幅度越大。GAPA含量和GAP含量对推进剂的烟雾特性影响不大。采用4,4'-二硝基-3,3'偶氮氧化呋咱(DNAF)取代AP后,在固体含量为60%,推进剂理论比冲在2600 N·s·kg~(-1)时,其燃烧产物与AP配方相比,N_2含量增加了44%,Al_2O_3含量下降了67%,HCl含量降为0,说明GAP/NC推进剂是一种具有高能量、低特征信号的重要推进剂。     

N,N-二(1(2)氢-5-四唑基)胺及其衍生物的研究进展

四唑类含能化合物具有氮含量高、密度高、热稳定性好、成气量大等优点。汇总和评述了N,N-二(1(2)氢-5-四唑基)胺及其非金属盐类化合物、金属配合物的合成、性能及应用研究进展。建议:(1)设计分子中有更多氮、氧原子和配位氧的化合物,以改善氧平衡、提高密度;(2)选制备容易、结构简单、性能优异的化合物为研究对象,开展该类化合物在钝感高能炸药、固体推进剂、火工品及新型气体发生剂等领域中的应用研究。     

吸电子基取代五唑化合物的热稳定性理论研究

五唑化合物是当前含能材料领域的一个研究热点,但现有五唑化合物的稳定性普遍偏低。为研发性能更优的新型五唑化合物,基于对已有结构的分析,设计了五唑的系列非芳环吸电子基取代衍生物(N₅(CH₂)_x-1R,R=—NO₂,—CF₃,—CN,—CHO,—COOH,x=1,2,3,4),采用密度泛函理论方法,计算了与N₅环直接相连的侧链化学键的解离能E_BD和N₅环的分解能垒E_a,并与部分供电子基取代物的结果进行比较,分析讨论了取代基与相关的键长、键级、键临界点电子密度、N₅环的电荷和氧平衡对E_BD和E_a的影响规律。结果表明,所有分子的E_a均远小于E_BD,表明N₅环的稳定性是决定五唑分子稳定性的关键因素。对于R与N₅直接相连的分子(x=1,即N₅R),R为吸电子基时的E_a小于R为供电子基或H时的E_a。随N₅环破裂键键长减小、键级增大及临界点电子密度的增大,E_a总体呈增大趋势。N₅环是强吸电子基,直接连接强吸电子或强供电子基会使N₅环上的负电荷过少或过多,因而都不利于N₅环稳定。     

叠氮超支化共聚物的制备、表征及其增塑GAP-ETPE推进剂的应用

以3,3-二(氯甲基)氧杂环丁烷(BCMO)和3-乙基-3-氧杂丁环甲醇(EHO)为原料,通过调节单体BCMO、EHO混合摩尔比m,再经阳离子开环聚合和叠氮化反应制备了一系列叠氮超支化共聚物(r-POB-m).采用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和元素分析等对其结构进行了表征,结果表明该共聚物具有高分子量(>4400 g?mol-1)、高含氮量(达到43％)且支化度可控.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、哈克流变仪及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分别对其结晶性、黏度和化学相容性进行了测试,结果表明当m=4时,r-POB-4为无定形态且工艺黏度最低,同时与推进剂主要组分相容性良好,适合作为增塑剂.r-POB-4增塑GAP基含能热塑性弹性体(GAP-ETPE)推进剂时,推进剂的断裂延伸率提高了约70％,稠度系数降低了约49％,粘流活化能降低了约20％,且优于端叠氮基聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAPA)增塑剂,表明叠氮超支化共聚物作为增塑剂可有效改善ETPE推进剂的力学性能和工艺性能.     

几种钝感低特征信号推进剂的能量特性

利用能量计算程序计算了N,N′-二硝基哌嗪(DNPZ)、N-脒基脲二硝酰胺(FOX-12)、1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)、钝感黑索今(I-RDX)、2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)、硝基胍(NQ)和1,4,5,8-四硝基-1,4,5,8-四氮杂萘烷(TTNZ)7种钝感化合物的单元推进剂及用于钝感低特征信号推进剂的能量特性。结果表明:所列的7种含能化合物中,由I-RDX、FOX-7和TTNZ形成的单元推进剂、复合改性双基推进剂及聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)基推进剂的各能量特性的综合效果均较优,随着这3种钝感含能添加剂质量分数增加,形成的双基系推进剂的理论比冲、特征速度、燃烧温度和等容爆热逐渐升高,而氧系数和燃烧产物的平均相对分子质量逐渐降低。     

含5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵推进剂的能量特性计算

利用国军标方法 GJB/Z84-1996及CAD系统软件,在标准条件(pc/p0=70∶1)下计算了含5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵(TKX-50)的复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂、端羟聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂、硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂及聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)推进剂的能量特性。结果表明,TKX-50单元推进剂的理论比冲为2623.7 N·s·kg-1,比RDX单元推进剂的理论比冲高6.5 N·s·kg-1。TKX-50是CMDB推进剂中RDX的较好替代物。当TKX-50取代HTPB推进剂中的AP和GAP推进剂中的HMX和AP时,TKX-50基HTPB推进剂和TKX-50基GAP推进剂的理论比冲均存在能量的最优值。当TKX-50取代NEPE推进剂中的AP和HMX时,TKX-50基NEPE推进剂的理论比冲先增后降再增,最大增加20.4 N·s·kg-1。     

GAP—先进固体火箭推进剂含能组份(综述)

综述了聚缩水叠氮甘油醚(GAP)和GAP基的固体推进剂的活化、热、机械和弹道特性。GAP为推进剂系统提供了优良的弹道性能和高能量,其作为含能添加剂的潜力归因于-N_3的键结构断裂释放出约685kJ/mol能量。将GAP引入推进剂配方中,可促使其机械性能的改善。     

3-硝基-5-叠氮基-3-氮杂戊醇硝酸酯的合成及表征（英）

用N-硝基二乙醇胺二硝酸酯(DINA)和叠氮化钠为原料,在二甲基亚砜中反应合成了一种分子中含—N—NO2,—N3,—ONO2基团的新型含能增塑剂,3-硝基-5-叠氮基-3-氮杂戊醇硝酸酯(PNAN)(粗品)。粗产品经硅胶柱色谱分离净化。所得纯产品的纯度为98.60%。纯产品的结构用IR、1 H NMR及元素分析表征。测试得到PNAN的密度为1.46-3g·cm,热分解温度为172℃,玻璃化转变温度为-41℃,粘度为19.5 mPa·s,摩擦感度为12%,撞击感度为56%。     

3-硝基-5-叠氮基-3-氮杂戊醇硝酸酯的合成及表征（英文）

用N-硝基二乙醇胺二硝酸酯(DINA)和叠氮化钠为原料,在二甲基亚砜中反应合成了一种分子中含—N—NO2,—N3,—ONO2基团的新型含能增塑剂,3-硝基-5-叠氮基-3-氮杂戊醇硝酸酯(PNAN)(粗品)。粗产品经硅胶柱色谱分离净化。所得纯产品的纯度为98.60%。纯产品的结构用IR、1 H NMR及元素分析表征。测试得到PNAN的密度为1.46-3g·cm,热分解温度为172℃,玻璃化转变温度为-41℃,粘度为19.5 mPa·s,摩擦感度为12%,撞击感度为56%。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Design and Implementation of One Missile Visual Simulation System Based on OpenGL

The implementation of a missile＇s visual simulation system is explained that is developed with OpenGL（open graphic library） and the flight path and flight carriage in different stages of the missile are displayed. The establishment problems of the 3D scene are circumstantiated including the construction and redeployment of the model, creation of the virtual scene, setting of the multi-viewports and multi-windows etc. The missile＇s data driver, system flow, the modules and their mutual relations of the missile visual simulation system are discussed. The missile flight simulation results and effect of the scenes are given.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Dynamic Encryption Technology in Ad-hoc Networks

A new dynamic encryption application in ad-hoc networks is proposed. The advantages of this method are its being able to use the previous ciphertext as a seed of a new encryption process, rendering the encryption process effective in all communication process by continuous dynamic key generation together with synchronization, and its capability to cut back on system bandages to a greater extent, which is valuable for the ad-hoc circumstance. In addition, the rationality and effectiveness of this novel encryption method have been verified by the test results.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.