基于S35140钢的超低碳成分设计和力学性能研究

S35140钢是一种基于25Ni-20Cr的奥氏体耐热钢,为了获得高强度,通常会提高碳含量,但碳含量较高不利于高温时效稳定性和长期耐腐蚀性能.本文在S35140钢的基础上,大幅度降低碳含量,并通过调控N和Nb等微合金元素含量,以及加入Ti元素,促使析出新的强化相,弥补减少碳含量所导致的强度降低.同时引入一定量的Al元素,增强S35140钢的高温强度和抗氧化性能.研究表明,加入微量Nb,N,Ti元素的热轧态实验钢析出了氮化物和细小的Laves相,这些析出相具有较强的强化作用,使其拉伸性能不亚于具有较高碳含量的S35140钢;加入4.7％Al(质量分数)元素后,实验钢的基体中出现了铁素体和奥氏体双相组织,同时析出大量B2-NiAl相,使其室温和高温拉伸强度以及室温韧性均高于其它成分的实验钢.     

P92钢高温蠕变过程中显微组织演变研究现状及强化途径

综合国内外的研究成果,论述了P92钢在高温蠕变过程中不同的析出相对P92钢性能的影响。结果表明M23C6相在高温蠕变过程中粗化较快,会失去对P92钢马氏体晶界的钉扎强化作用;Laves相形成初期能够提高P92钢的蠕变断裂强度,但是当Laves相到一定尺寸后会降低P92钢的蠕变断裂强度;Z相的析出不但增加了蠕变孔洞出现的几率,而且会减少基体中的MX相,降低MX相的弥散强化作用,所以Z相的析出对P92钢高温蠕变性能有不良影响。同时论述了可以采用形变热处理生产工艺和控制合金元素含量等措施强化P92钢的高温蠕变性能。     

析出相对深冲DP钢组织性能及织构的影响

为了研究析出相对深冲DP钢织构的影响机制,采用Thermo-calc热力学软件计算DP钢的平衡析出相,并利用SEM、TEM与XRD等手段分析了两种不同成分的DP钢组织性能与织构演变.研究表明:试验钢的主要析出相为MC_SHP、M₇C₃、MnS和AlN;与低Mo钢相比,高Mo钢的奥氏体区被缩小,且MoC的析出温度更高,铁素体晶内与沿晶界形成了大量的纳米级MoC析出;860 ℃退火后,高Mo钢中形成了约3%的均匀弥散分布的马氏体,抗拉强度达到445 MPa,r值为1.5,而低Mo钢发生了贝氏体相变,各项力学性能明显降低;两种试验钢的热轧板织构较弱,冷轧后{223}<110>取向密度稳定增加,退火后均形成了强烈的γ纤维织构,而低Mo钢中{001}<110>织构是导致其r值偏低的主要原因.     

铁素体耐热钢中碳化物对NiAl析出相及力学性能的影响

与传统碳化物强化的铁素体耐热钢不同,新型铁素体耐热钢以NiAl相强化为主,但存在室温脆性大的问题,限制了NiAl强化型铁素体耐热钢的应用。本工作通过增加NiAl强化型铁素体耐热钢中的碳含量,研究碳化物和NiAl析出相的晶界分布及其对钢的力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着碳含量的增加,碳化物的析出量增加,碳化物在晶界处由不连续的块状析出转变为连续均匀分布。碳化物的析出降低了α-Fe基体与NiAl相的错配度,NiAl析出相的尺寸减小约30 nm,面积分数略有降低,钢的硬度、强度和塑性得到提升,该研究将为新型NiAl强化铁素体耐热钢脆性改善提供理论指导。     

ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢的断裂特征与强化机制

采用金相、SEM和TEM等方法对耐热钢ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN进行了组织分析,利用断口分析方法对该材料的断裂特征进行了分析,并对材料的强化机制进行了研究,结果表明:材料的组织为板条状马氏体,该马氏体中含有大量的高密度位错和亚结构,在该组织中弥散分布着碳化物、氮化物以及碳氮化物颗粒状析出物;试样的断口为准解理断口,该材料在具有较高强度的同时也具有一定的韧性;材料的强化机制包括马氏体相强化、固溶强化、碳化物颗粒沉淀强化、氮化物和碳氮化物颗粒沉淀强化.     

高Co-Ni超高强度钢强化析出相的微观分析

使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了高Co-Ni超高强度钢AetMet100在510℃,5h回火后的强化析出相,并利用选区电子衍射方法(SAD)确定了强化相.结果表明,AetMet100钢在超细板条马氏体基体上同时存在两种不同形态的细小强化析出相且尺寸相当:一种是已为很多试验研究所报道过的棒状M2C碳化物,长轴沿基体〈001〉M三个方向互相垂直分布,长度约17.5nm,直径约6nm,与基体的取向关系为(011)M//(001)M2C,[100]M//[100]M2C;另一种是椭球状Fe2Mo金属间化合物(Laves相),直径约11.5nm,与基体的取向关系为(1-12-)M//(001)L,[11-1-]M//[100]L.     

X20CrMoV12.1钢的组织结构和缺口疲劳强度

用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察X20CrMoV12.1耐热钢在545℃长期运行后的微观组织结构变化,研究了不同运行时间后材料的缺口疲劳强度和硬度.结果表明:经过高温长期运行后,X20CrMoV12.1钢的组织明显退化,其显微组织由原来的马氏体板条结构和弥散分布的细小碳化物逐步转变为亚晶粒和分布在晶界上的粗化球形碳化物组织;随着在高温下运行时间的增加,耐热钢的显微硬度和疲劳强度逐渐降低.其原因是基体中固溶体主要合金元素Cr,Mo,V发生贫化,固溶强化效果降低,沿晶界分布的粗化球形碳化物弱化了材料晶界强度,从而导致X20CrMoV12.1耐热钢高温服役寿命下降.     

淬火20CrNi2Mo低碳钢中大角度晶界对强度的影响

采用OM、SEM、EBSD和TEM对20CrNi2Mo钢的微观组织进行定量表征,同时讨论了位错强化(σ_d)、固溶强化(σ_ss)、析出强化(σ_d)和晶界强化(σ_g) 对试验钢强度的贡献,且利用经典的Hall-Petch关系分析了强度的有效控制单元。结果表明:随淬火温度的升高,试验钢的原奥氏体晶粒(d_r)和马氏体束(d₀)、块(d_b)等均增大,马氏体板条略微细化。同时,试验钢的强度随淬火温度的升高而降低,塑性增加;量化的四种强化方式中σ_d、σ_ss 基本不变,σ_d忽略不计,试验钢的强度变化主要取决于σ_g。此外,试验钢的强度与多层次组织间的Hall-Petch关系揭示了块是强度的有效控制单元。     

δ铁素体对ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢持久强度的影响

通过对不同淬火温度的ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢试样进行高温蠕变持久试验和金相分析,研究了δ铁素体对其持久强度的影响。结果表明:该耐热钢中的δ铁素体呈带状分布,降低了马氏体基体的连续性,使得该钢持久强度下降,并且δ铁素体含量越高,试样持久试验时间则越短;同时由于δ铁素体中固溶了大量合金元素,降低了马氏体基体中的合金元素含量,减弱了马氏体耐热钢的固溶强化和沉淀强化作用,这也会降低该钢的高温持久强度。     

Fe-Cr-C系硬面合金及其硬质相的研究进展

针对工件表面的磨损破坏,常通过熔覆、喷涂等手段,在失效位置得到高耐磨性的硬面合金层来进行修复强化。该方法不仅经济方便,还可有效提高工件服役寿命。在表面修复工艺中,硬面层的成分选用极为重要。Fe-Cr-C系硬面合金即一类典型的Fe基表面修复材料,目前正广泛应用于各类工矿耐磨部件的表面修复及强化中,与其他成分的硬面合金相比,它具有几大显著优势:(1)成本低廉;(2)强度、韧度、耐磨性优异且较平衡;(3)性能可调节范围广,能满足于多种磨损工况的修复强化。 传统的Fe-Cr-C系硬面合金主要依靠其凝固时产生的M₃C、M₂₃C₆、M₇C₃、高碳马氏体等几种高硬度物相来获得一定的耐磨性。然而在实际磨损工况中,通常会出现硬度更高的SiC、Al₂O₃等磨料,且近年来,随着各种高新技术的竞相出现,大量机械设备规格的转型升级成为大势所趋,这使得各类耐磨部件需要满足于更为苛刻的服役条件。因此,Fe-Cr-C系硬面合金的耐磨性有待进一步改善。 针对这一问题,目前国内外的研究焦点多集中于合金微观组织调控,尤其是硬质相的引入及其尺寸形态改善等,且取得了一系列可观的成果。在硬质相引入方面,探索出各有优缺点的两种引入手段——原位合成法与外界加入法。其中,原位合成法一方面可在熔池反应中得到高热力学稳定性的陶瓷硬质相,另一方面也可在一定程度上强化合金组织。然而,由于熔池高温停留时间短,某些高熔点硬质相生成效率较低。虽外界加入法可有效解决这一问题,但是也需注意硬质相溶解烧损、硬质相与基体界面稳定性差等现象;在硬质相形态控制方面,不少学者探索出合金成分、熔覆制备工艺对硬质相含量、尺寸形态、生长方向的影响。对于合金成分,调整Cr和C的质量比(以下均简称为Cr/C值)或增加C含量可提高碳化物的体积分数,适量合金元素的添加也可通过异质形核作用细化硬质相;在熔覆工艺方面,提高焊后冷却速率可抑制合金凝固初期C原子的扩散,使初生M₇C₃碳化物呈细小及高密度形态,控制焊后热梯度方向也可使M₇C₃垂直于堆焊面生长。此外,在焊接熔池中适当引入磁场也可诱导液态金属的一次枝晶臂分离,增加碳化物的形核质点,从而起到细化组织的作用。 基于近年来的最新研究成果,本文归纳了Fe-Cr-C系硬面合金中硬质相调控的研究进展。首先介绍了合金的凝固行为与组织结构,然后着重综述了硬质相的引入方式、形态控制手段,最后对Fe-Cr-C系硬面合金未来可能的发展趋势提出见解,并围绕硬质相拟定了潜在的研究方向,以期为进一步改善Fe-Cr-C系硬面合金的耐磨性提供参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.