2205双相不锈钢在酸性H_2S环境下的应力腐蚀行为及开裂机理

采用C型环实验研究了2205双相不锈钢在饱和H_2S环境下的应力腐蚀行为及开裂机理。结果表明,2205双相不锈钢在NACE标准A溶液中具有良好的抗应力腐蚀能力。通过OM、SEM、EDS及电化学手段分析得出2205双相不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂经历了表面点蚀、蚀坑形成、H_2S解离、H原子吸附并从蚀坑位置扩散进入金属基体,在金属基体中聚集,通过氢致开裂机制导致裂纹萌生,并逐渐扩展。     

低H2S、高CO2分压条件下双相不锈钢应力腐蚀敏感性研究

目的针对IS15156标准中对双相不锈钢使用条件的限制,研究双相不锈钢2205在不同温度、不同低H_2S分压条件下的开裂敏感性。方法通过模拟我国西部酸性油田低H_2S、高CO_2工况环境,利用高温高压设备,进行了三点弯曲试验,结合失重法测试腐蚀速率,并使用SEM和EDS进行微观形貌观察和腐蚀产物分析。结果双相不锈钢2205的腐蚀速率较低,未超过0.014 mm/a,且硫化氢分压对腐蚀的影响较小,但发现了由氧化铝等夹杂导致的点蚀。双相不锈钢2205在低硫化氢分压的中温(100℃)区发生应力腐蚀开裂,同时发生了选择性腐蚀,铁素体相优先于奥氏体相腐蚀,其他温度条件下仅发现点蚀。硫化氢分压升高时,开裂敏感性有一定程度的降低。结论双相不锈钢2205在低硫化氢分压条件下的开裂类型为氢脆型应力腐蚀开裂。氧化物夹杂诱发点蚀,氢在应力集中区域聚集,发生氢脆。当硫化氢分压从6 k Pa增加到165 k Pa时,局部腐蚀敏感性的增加使氢脆得到缓解,开裂敏感性降低。双相不锈钢2205无法在低硫化氢的中温井口环境中使用,标准中以H_2S分压作为使用限制并不十分完善。     

加氢装置脱H_2S汽提塔塔顶系统的腐蚀评价及选材

模拟脱H2S汽提塔塔顶系统现场工况,采用浸泡腐蚀挂片、恒电位阳极极化法、U型弯曲应力腐蚀等方法对20号钢、304L、321、316L及2205不锈钢在湿硫化氢环境中的均匀腐蚀、点蚀和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性进行了研究,并利用体视显微镜和SEM对金属试样的微观腐蚀形貌进行了观察。结果表明:20号钢耐蚀性较差,易在低温下发生氢鼓泡,奥氏体不锈钢304L、321、316L及双相不锈钢2205的腐蚀速率较小,耐蚀性好,其中304L和321不锈钢耐点蚀性能稍差,表面出现了轻微点蚀造成的蜂窝状的局部腐蚀;H2S的存在明显提高了奥氏体不锈钢在Cl-环境中的点蚀敏感性;304L、321及316L不锈钢焊接试样均具有较好的耐应力腐蚀开裂性能。     

2205双相不锈钢硫化物应力腐蚀机理研究

由于双相不锈钢中铁素体相和奥氏体相的合金元素含量不同,导致两相的耐点蚀当量PREN不同,耐腐蚀性能存在一定的差异,易于产生局部腐蚀。研究2205双相不锈钢油套管用无缝钢管硫化物应力腐蚀机理。研究结果表明:常温时,在硫化氢和拉伸应力的共同作用下,2205双相不锈钢失效原因是奥氏体点蚀;90℃硫化氢应力腐蚀试验后,2205双相不锈钢同时发生了奥氏体点蚀和铁素体选择性腐蚀。     

固溶处理对节镍型LDX2101及00Cr22Ni5Mo3N双相不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、动电位极化法以及慢应变速率拉伸试验,研究了950和1 100℃固溶处理对节镍型LDX2101以及00Cr22Ni5Mo3N(SAF2205)双相不锈钢中析出相、点蚀和应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果表明:950℃固溶处理使两种钢的微观组织均匀性变差,尤其是2205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出使其耐点蚀及应力腐蚀性能明显下降,耐点蚀性能甚至劣于点蚀当量(PREN)较小的LDX2101双相不锈钢; 1 100℃固溶处理对两种钢的点蚀和应力腐蚀开裂的行为影响较小,但钢的塑性略有提高。     

2205双相不锈钢中氧化物夹杂的成分和尺寸对点蚀萌生的影响

利用恒电位脉冲方法、毛细管微电极技术结合扫描电镜等研究了夹杂物对2205双相不锈钢点蚀萌生的影响。结果表明:2205双相不锈钢中夹杂物均为氧化物,且为2205双相不锈钢点蚀萌生的主要因素;氧化物夹杂通过影响其周围钢基体的点蚀电位从而影响点蚀的萌生,且点蚀是沿夹杂物而不是金属基体扩展。不仅氧化物夹杂的化学成分,其尺寸也会影响该不锈钢点蚀的萌生,其中Al_2O_3-CaO-SiO_2和Al_2O_3-MgO-CaO-SiO_2型夹杂物易引起点蚀,且尺寸越大越易萌生点蚀,而Al_2O_3-MgO夹杂物不易引起点蚀。     

2205双相不锈钢在南海深水环境中的腐蚀行为

利用腐蚀挂片试验与循环极化测试的方法,结合光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等测试手段研究了2205双相不锈钢在南海水下170m海水中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:2205双相不锈钢在深海环境中发生了局部腐蚀;浸泡初期,不锈钢表面形成微生物保护膜,在微生物膜的保护下其耐蚀性能提高;随着浸泡时间的延长,微生物死亡、脱落,失去对金属基体的保护作用,导致不锈钢耐蚀性能下降;同时,残留的微生物膜与不锈钢基体间形成缝隙,在溶解氧与Cl~-作用下发生缝隙腐蚀,形成局部腐蚀坑。     

316L与2205不锈钢在硫酸溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用浸泡、动电位极化等方法研究了316L与2205不锈钢在5%H2SO4溶液中的化学与电化学腐蚀行为,探索两种材料在的稀硫酸溶液中的腐蚀敏感性和耐蚀性。结果表明:在化学腐蚀过程中,316L不锈钢表面出现一些点蚀坑,而2205不锈钢的表面平整光滑,无腐蚀现象发生,2205不锈钢的腐蚀速率约为316L不锈钢的1/10;在电化学腐蚀过程中,316L不锈钢的腐蚀速度与腐蚀倾向大于2205不锈钢。在相同条件下,2205双相不锈钢表现出更好的耐蚀性。     

H2S分压对双相不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

利用高温高压反应釜进行腐蚀模拟实验,辅以失重法、SEM和EDS,对H2S/CO2共存环境下,H2S/CO2分压比一定时,H2S分压对2205双相不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响进行了研究。结果表明,60℃的工况条件下,在H2S分压较低时,2205双相不锈钢钝化膜趋于完整致密,随着H2S分压进一步升高,钝化膜出现破损。2205双相不锈钢硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性较高,裂纹多为沿晶扩展。     

2205双相不锈钢和304不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中缝隙腐蚀敏感性比较

采用缝隙腐蚀试样,通过浸泡实验以及循环极化、电化学阻抗、电化学噪声、恒电位测试等电化学方法,研究了2205双相不锈钢(2205DSS)和304不锈钢(304SS)在5%(质量分数)氢氟酸溶液中的缝隙腐蚀行为。结果表明,两种不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中都发生了缝隙腐蚀,但2205双相不锈钢腐蚀形成的蚀坑较浅,而304不锈钢腐蚀形成的蚀坑较深,且腐蚀面积更大。电化学测试结果表明,2205DSS的临界缝隙腐蚀电位E_(crev)和再钝化电位E_(rp)都高于304SS的,滞后环的面积也更小,钝化膜电阻和缝隙腐蚀发生时的电荷转移电阻也更大。2205DSS的白噪声水平更小,缝隙腐蚀反应更慢。同时,在相同外加电位下,2205DSS的缝隙腐蚀诱导期更长,缝隙腐蚀发生时电流更小,2205DSS的抗缝隙腐蚀能力优于304SS,这主要与两种材料表面所成钝化膜的组成和性能不同有关。     

硫酸盐还原菌作用下2205双相不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀开裂行为研究

采用动电位极化技术、慢应变速率拉伸实验(SSRT)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法研究了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)新陈代谢对2205双相不锈钢(DSS)在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为的影响。结果表明,与无菌溶液中相比,SRB的存在促进了2205DSS的阳极溶解过程,诱发了点蚀,为SCC萌生提供了裂纹源。2205DSS的SCC敏感性与SRB活性浓度呈正相关,在稳定生长期SRB活性浓度最大,此时2205DSS的SCC敏感性最大。2205DSS在含SRB的3.5%NaCl溶液中发生的SCC机理为阳极溶解和氢脆混合控制机制。SRB作用下,2205DSS中铁素体相表现为穿晶解理特征,奥氏体相表现为韧性撕裂的特征,铁素体相具有更高的SCC敏感性。     

B101连续油管应力腐蚀开裂行为分析

研究了连续油管的抗H2S环境应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)行为.利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了断口形貌,用能谱仪(EDS)分析了断口元素组成,从环境因素、材料组织、化学成分等方面分析了断裂机理.结果表明,母材对应力腐蚀不敏感,焊缝是应力腐蚀的薄弱区域.焊缝断裂可分为裂纹孕育期、裂纹发展期、裂纹快速增长期、完全破坏期.应力在72...     

Microstructure and stress corrosion cracking in simulated heat-affected zones of duplex stainless steels

The effects of nitrogen content and the cooling rate on the reformation of austenite in the Gleeble simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ) of 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSSs) were investigated. The variation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior in the HAZ of 40 wt% CaCl₂ solution at 100 °C was also studied. Grain boundary austenite (GBA), Widmanstatten austenite (WA), intergranular austenite (IGA) and partially transformed austenite (PTA) were present in the HAZ. The types and amounts of these reformed austenites varied with the cooling rate and nitrogen content in the DSS. U-bend tests revealed that pitting corrosion and selective dissolution might assist the crack initiation, while the types and amounts of reformed austenite in the HAZ affected the mode of crack propagation. The presence of GBA was found to promote the occurrence of intergranular stress corrosion cracking. WA, IGA and PTA were found to exhibit a beneficial effect on SCC resistance by deviating the crack propagation path.     

CO2对H2S／CO2环境中P110钢应力腐蚀的影响研究

采用恒载荷拉伸法、腐蚀电化学测试和断口分析技术等,研究了P110钢在不同H2S／CO2含量的NACE-A溶液中的硫化物应力腐蚀（SSCC）行为．结果表明,在加载初期,P110钢的自腐蚀电位Ecorr）急剧下降,至极小值后缓慢升高,达到稳定值后直至断裂,试样断口呈脆性解理状．当通入CO2量达到17％时,P110钢的自腐蚀...     

Application limits of stainless steels in the petroleum industry

Stainless steels have a great variety of potential applications in the petroleum industry, mainly as an alternative to carbon steel in corrosive environments. Within a number of media that can cause corrosion problems with these materials, only chloride solutions and hydrogen sulfide are of importance in oilfield service. A reliable tool that permits the proper selection of stainless steels has yet been missing. In order to provide engineering diagrams for this purpose, pitting and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were performed. Specimens were exposed to NaCl solutions containing from 3 to 100,000 ppm Cl^? at temperatures from 40 to 200 °C. This test configuration was chosen to give a better representation of actual service conditions than accelerated standard test procedures do. Tested materials were the austenitic stainless steel grades 321, 316Ti (API LC30‐1812) and 254 SMO, and 22Cr duplex (austenitic‐ferritic) steel (API LC65‐2205). Based on an optical examination of the specimens, no‐risk regions of chloride concentration vs. temperature have been identified. Subsequently, service temperature limits have been deduced for each tested material. Thus, material failures by pitting and SCC can be prevented without overdesigning. The results of the testing series are applicable to all chloride environments without presence of H₂S, as they have to be handled by primary production equipment, as well as transportation and gas processing facilities.     

High-temperature high-pressure SCC testing of corrosion-resistant alloys

Stress corrosion cracking test methods of corrosion-resistant alloys are reviewed. The interest to write a review on this topic was drawn by demands for oil country tubular goods applicable in deep wells with high pressures, high temperatures, and the presence of H₂S, where stress corrosion cracking is one of the most critical failure modes. All conventional methods for determining the stress corrosion cracking resistance of an alloy, mainly slow strain rate testing, constant load testing (tensile, 4-PB), constant strain testing (U-bend, C-ring), and fracture mechanics (double cantilever beam sample) are covered. Considering the variety of testing solutions, the field of search is narrowed to hot (up to 250°C) aqueous chloride solutions with dissolved H₂S and CO₂ gases under high pressure (up to 200 bar total pressure).     

Influence of heat flux on localised corrosion of stainless steel under boiling conditions

The article deals with the influence of heat flux on localised forms of corrosion of stainless steels under the conditions of phase transition on a metal surface. The observations focused on the influence of the initiation and propagation of pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. Pitting corrosion was tested in the environment of 0.6% FeCl₃ + 0.3% EDTA + 0.1% HCl, the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking was verified in 35% MgCl₂. The tests proved a negative influence of heat flux on the initiation and propagation of non‐uniform corrosion.     

Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel in a CO2-Containing Solution

The electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in CO₂-containing solution were studied by electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate tensile tests, and surface characterization. The results found that the electrochemical corrosion of X70 steel in aerated, alkaline solution is an activation-controlled process, and a stable passivity cannot develop on steel. Corrosion rate of the steel increases with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced anodic dissolution due to the additional cathodic reaction in the presence of CO₂, rather than the film-formation reaction, dominates the corrosion process. The mass-transfer step through FeCO₃ deposit is the rate-controlling step in corrosion of the steel. The susceptibility of steel to SCC and the fracture brittleness increase with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced fracture brittleness is attributed to the evolution and penetration of hydrogen atoms into the steel, contributing to crack propagation. The formed deposit layer is not effective in reducing hydrogen permeation due to the loose, porous structure.