RDX基含铝炸药的热爆发活化能及动力学补偿效应

采用5s爆发点试验获得了12种RDX和铝粉含量不同的RDX基含铝炸药的热爆发动力学参数(lnA和Eb).结果表明,随着RDX含量的增加,Eb先下降后升高,发现该炸药体系的热爆发动力学参数lnA和Eb之间存在补偿效应.根据热爆发温度Tb与RDX和铝粉含量的关系以及动力学补偿效应,从理论上导出了热爆发活化能Eb与RDX和铝...     

RDX和铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药热爆发温度的影响

通过热爆发延滞期试验测定了含铝炸药的5s延滞期热爆发温度Tb,研究了RDX和铝粉含量对热爆发温度的影响.结果表明,随着RDX含量的增加,Tb先下降后升高,获得了描述Tb与RDX和铝粉含量关系的线性经验方程.认为在热爆发试验中体系是从含能材料热分解和加热介质两个途径获得能量(热量),前者与含能反应物的含量有关,后者与体系...     

湿热环境对RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂热安全性及力学性能的影响

用TG、5s爆发点和单向拉伸试验,研究了湿热环境对RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂热安全性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在相对湿度70%、温度75℃下经历6d的湿热老化后,RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂在TG曲线上的3个质量损失阶段的表观活化能均略有降低,水分对AP分解活化能的影响较为明显,使其活化能降低9.3%。湿热老化前后,5s爆发点Tb分别为303.7℃和302.7℃。随着老化时间的增加,延伸率和抗拉强度都呈降低趋势,至第6d延伸率从106.0%降至36.7%,抗拉强度从0.631MPa降至0.541MPa。在75℃下干燥热老化6d后,RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂3个阶段的表观活化能、5s爆发点、抗拉强度和延伸率都没有明显的变化。初期老化过程中,水分对RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂的力学性能和AP的分解活化能影响较大,但对热感度基本没有影响。     

反应度对B炸药热分解动力学参数的影响

通过差热扫描热量计（DSC-7）热分析系统对在不同温度下进行热处理后的B炸药的热分解进行了研究，结果表明，反应度对其分解表观活化能产生影响随反应度的增加，其活化能逐渐减小。     

发射装药热刺激下的易损性响应试验研究

从建立发射药及装药易损性响应评价方法的角度,研究了在快速和慢速烤燃条件下,典型发射装药的易损性响应特性和影响因素,分析了其热响应的机理.结果表明,单基药在热刺激下的易损性响应最为剧烈,发射药慢烤时的反应温度与其配方的热感度(5 s爆发点)表现出了一致的规律,从低到高依次为单基、太根和双基药,发射药的高压DSC活化能越高,其热刺激下的易损性响应越强.     

热分析法测定起爆药的爆发点

采用国产ＺＲＹ－１型综合热分析仪测定雷汞，特屈拉辛，二硝基重氮酚的爆发点。分别比较不同加热速率，不同试样重量和不同粒度条件下与爆发点的关系，与现行标准测定方法相比较，该法具有简便，准确，精度高等优点。     

密闭爆发器实验中热散失修正方法研究

介绍了国内外密闭爆发器热散失修正方法的现状,分别分析了克劳-格里姆肖法、压力损失及其修正方法和发射药燃烧全过程压力曲线的修正方法及密闭爆发器实验过程中热散失修正研究方法的优缺点,提出了学术构想与思路。     

以温度为函数的硝仿系炸药的爆发分解反应动力学参数

用爆发点试验装置测定了6种硝仿系炸药:2,2,2-三硝基乙基-N-硝基-甲胺(TNMA)、二(2,2,2-三硝基乙基-N-硝基)乙二胺(BTNEDA)、4,4,4-三硝基丁酸-2,2,2-三硝基乙酯(TNETB)、二(2,2,2-三硝基乙醇)缩甲醛(BTNF)、1,1,1,3-四硝基丙烷(TETNP)和二(2,2,2-三硝基乙基)硝胺(BTNNA)在不同温度下的爆发延滞期.依据谢苗诺夫方程lnt_(lag,i)=E_α/RT_i-lnA_α,由lnt_(lag,i)对1/T_i的关系,用作图法和最小二乘法计算了爆发分解反应的表观活化能(E_α)、指前因子(A_α)和5 s爆发点.用非线性等转化率积分法所得的表观活化能(E_α)校验了由lnt_(lag,i)～1/_Ti关系得到的Eα值.借助热力学关系式,计算了爆发分解反应的活化热力学参数[活化自由能(ΔG≠),活化焓(ΔH≠)和活化熵(ΔS≠)].结果表明: (1) E_α和作图法所得E_α间的相对误差在±5%以内; (2) E_α与最小二乘法所得E_α相等的事实佐证了不同温度下爆发分解反应延滞期内的分解深度是相等的,所得E_α和A_α值是可接受的,谢苗诺夫方程推导过程中采用A_α>>G(α)的假设是合理的; (3) 以5 s爆发点和ΔG~#为判据,6种硝仿系炸药对热抵抗能力的次序为:TNETB＞BTNF＞BTNEDA＞TETNP＞TNMA＞BTNNA.     

热重法评估聚芳醚的活化能

阐述了近期对于快速热氧老化的评价方法,采用热重点斜法和改进的Kinssinger方法计算改性聚芳醚的氧化活化能,同时展开低温常规长期热氧老化试验,比较快速评价方法间和常规热氧老化试验方法的差异,通过数据分析可以发现常规老化活化能与改良Kinssinger方法推导的活化能之间存在比较好的对应关系。     

膨胀阻燃聚丙烯的热降解动力学及热寿命分析

利用双辊混炼机制备了共混型阻燃聚丙烯(PP)材料,并用热重(TG-DTG)方法研究了PP、PP/MPP和PP/MPP/PER在N2气氛下以不同升温速度时的热降解动力学行为,以此探讨阻燃性能与热降解行为的关系.试验发现,加入阻燃剂后材料的初始分解温度提前;利用Kissinger法和Flynn-Wall法求取了材料的活化能,发现两种方法求取的结果相一致,并且添加阻燃剂后,材料的活化能明显提高;热降解残留物的红外光谱分析结果表明MPP复配PER后,保留了更多的PP特征峰;说明阻燃剂提前分解成炭、隔热、隔氧,阻止了PP的进一步氧化分解;材料的寿命分析发现,添加阻燃剂后,材料的热寿命都明显提高.     

Heat of explosion of commercial and brisant high explosives

Methods for determining the heat of explosion of high explosives (HEs) with ideal and nonideal processes of explosive decomposition are considered. It is shown that the heat of explosion is of significance for estimating the efficiency of commercial HEs and is used in the energetic characterization of the working capacity. The heat of explosion of brisant HEs is only part of the blast heat of explosion and is the heat content of gaseous detonation products during their isentropic expansion from the initial state to a certain expansion ratio (determined by experimental conditions). The heat of explosion can be obtained by thermodynamic calculations based on physically justified equations of state for fluids (gaseous detonation products in the chemical-reaction zone of the detonation wave in the supercritical state) and condensed nanocarbon phases (nanographite, nanodiamond, and liquid carbon). Experimental and calculated values of the heat of explosion are given. The thermodynamic calculation is inapplicable to commercial HEs because of the nonideal nature of their detonation. The heat of explosion of commercial HEs can be calculated using the Hess law. The heat of explosion of brisant HEs is not a measure of power. The power of HEs is characterized by the propellant performance. It is shown that even detonation velocity cannot be a measure of the power of HEs. The power and detonation parameters of brisant HEs are determined by the energy release density in unit volume of the chemical-reaction zone of the detonation wave and by the rate of energy release from the shock front rather than by the heat of explosion, which cannot be considered a universal characteristic. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 100–107, March–April, 2007.     

Strength of Explosives. Trauzl Test

A simple formula for calculating the absolute strength of an explosives as determined by the Trauzl test (expansion in a lead block) is proposed that contains only one parameter — the relative strength of the explosive calculated from the heat of explosion and the volume of explosion gases.     

火药爆热热量计检定用标准物质的研制

采用硝化棉、硝化甘油、中定剂和凡士林为火药爆热热量计检定用标准物质的组成成分,通过生产工艺优化制备出该标准物质。对标准物质特性量值（爆热值）的均匀性采用方差分析方法进行检验,并进行1a以上的稳定性考核,并且通过定值、定值结果的不确定度分析以及在不同单位火药爆热热量计上的试用表明,该标准物质特性量值准确、可靠,均匀性和稳定性好,可以达到火药爆热量值传递以及校准和检定火药爆热测试仪器的要求。     

Effect of Properties of the Source on the Action of Explosions in Air and Water

Results of an experimental study of parameters of the shock wave and explosion products in the near zone of explosions in air and water with a wide range of variation of explosion heat and charge density of high explosives are presented. It is shown that the influence of these characteristics on the action of explosions in the near zone can be characterized by one parameter: volume concentration of energy in the source. A change in this parameter involves a significant redistribution of energy between the explosion products and the shock wave, which can affect brisance and violate the energy similarity of explosions.     

充氮法测量双基发射药爆热值的影响因素

研究了充氮法测量双基发射药爆热过程中充氮净化次数、充氮压力以及样品用量等因素对爆热值的影响。结果表明,随着氧弹中氮气净化次数的增加,爆热值由大变小并趋于稳定,净化两次以上时,对爆热值的测量不会发生影响;充氮气时,应保证充氮压力大于临界压力,同时控制每次充氮压力值的一致性,当充氮压力大于2.5M Pa时,对爆热值的测量不会发生影响;在确定被测样品实验用量时,应尽可能使样品燃烧后热量计产生的温升值与在热容量标定时标准物质燃烧后产生的温升值相当,样品质量为5.430 g时,爆热值的测量系统误差最小。     

第一废热锅炉换热管爆裂原因分析及对策

对合成氨装置第一废热锅炉所用换热管的化学成分、力学性能、金相组织进行试验测定,对锅炉和锅炉给水水质进行分析,对换热管的腐蚀情况及原因进行了探讨,找出换热管爆裂的主要原因是锅炉水和给水水质不符合规定要求所致。为杜绝类似爆管事故,提出了可行的改进措施。     

Volume‐Dependent Self‐Ignition Temperatures for Explosive Materials

In this paper the differential equation of thermal explosion in the steady‐state approximation is established and solved. This solution is based on Fourier’s heat equation along with the Arrhenius heat source. The theory allows to draw conclusions on the thermal behaviour of any substance. The critical ambient temperature appears as a function of the apparent activation energy, Arrhenius temperature rate, temperature diffusivity, and the volume. The thermal stability of a chemically reactive material may be determined by means of these dependencies. Different volumes of five explosive materials were exposed to hot storage tests. These experiments generate appropriate kinetic parameters for these materials that are compared with known values from literature. Once these parameters are known, self‐ignition temperatures can be calculated for any arbitrary volume and boundary conditions. This is of major importance in the safe transportation and storage of explosives, munitions, and weapons.     

DNTF基含硼和含铝炸药的水下能量

理论计算了DNTF基含硼和含铝炸药的爆炸性能参数,通过水下能量及爆热测试研究了它们的能量特性。结果表明,含硼质量分数15%的DNTF基炸药水下能量可达到2.1倍TNT当量,并出现最大值。含铝质量分数10%-50%的DNTF基炸药的水下能量随铝含量的增加呈上升趋势,其最大值可达到2.67倍TNT当量。当铅或硼的质量分数低于18%时,含硼DNTF炸药的能量高于含铝炸药。硼铝联用,也可获得较好的能量特性。