差压式湿气两相流量计的校准

伴随着工业技术的不断发展,湿气流量的测量日益增多,湿气流量计的校准工作日益迫切,亟待解决。本文介绍了在湿气流量计量领域中广泛应用的差压式湿气两相流流量计的原理,并在天津大学电气与自动化工程学院的中压闭环湿气标定装置中对其进行了校准,对该流量计的气相和液相的不确定度进行了评定,为今后开展相关流量计的校准工作提供了参考和数据支持。     

Study on double differential pressure measurement method of gas-liquid two-phase flow in high gas content wells

The production of natural-gas wells contains natural gas and a small amount of liquid, which is a wet gas composed of oil, gas and water. For dynamically monitor the liquid and gas production from a single well, there is an urgent need for a low-cost, small-volume online metering device for wet gas flows through a single well. Aiming at the problem, this paper designs a wet gas flow measurement device for a long-throated Venturi tube based on the double differential pressure method. By combining experiments and numerical simulations, a matching flow calculation model was developed. Based on the experimental data of NEL's 6-inch standard Venturi tube wet gas over-reading, the numerical simulation method is used to carry out the research of high-pressure wet gas measurement under the pressure condition of 2, 4 and 6 MPa. The simulation results of two multiphase flow models, DPM and Euler, are compared with the experimental values of NEL. The results show that the maximum relative error is less than 10%, and the Euler model is more suitable for the numerical simulation of high-pressure wet gas. According to the actual production from the gas well, a long-throated Venturi tube with a throttling ratio of 0.5 and a diameter of DN50 was designed, and a numerical simulation study of wet gas under a pressure of 2, 3 and 4 MPa was carried out. Numerical simulation results show that the change laws of over-reading and liquid-gas mass ratios of high-pressure wet gas are consistent with those of low-pressure wet gas. The numerical simulation results are used to correct the flow calculation model of low-pressure wet gas, and a flow calculation model suitable for high-pressure wet gas in gas wells is obtained. The gas flow prediction accuracy of the flow calculation model was lower than ±3%, and the liquid flow prediction value was lower than ±10%. Compared with other measurement methods without separation of wet gas, the long-throated Venturi tube based on the double differential pressure method has a simple structure and low measurement cost. By further optimizing and expanding the measurement model, after improving the accuracy, it can be installed in the wellhead pipeline to monitor the oil and gas production from a single well in real time. This can provide support for gas reservoir exploitation decisions.     

General theory of invariant methods for measuring the flow rate of multicomponent flows

The paper presents a generalized method for measuring the flow rate of multicomponent flows, which is based on the principle of multichannelling. The paper presents the structure and method of implementing invariant systems for measuring the flow rate and quantity of multicomponent flows. The General Law of transformation of filtration coefficients that are used to measure individual components of the flow is found. The estimation of uncertainty of flow rate measurement results for individual flow components is performed. The results of the study of an invariant system for measuring the flow rate of a four-component flow are presented.     

Characterization of moisture distribution in a fluidized bed

The determination of moisture distribution in a sample of wet solids is important as it can provide information on how well a liquid reagent has been sprayed in a fluidized bed reactor. The moisture is divided into three groups: (i) free moisture, or water coating individual particles; (ii) micro-agglomerates, which are fluidized; and (iii) macro-agglomerates, which are too large to remain fluidized and, consequently, settle to the bottom of the bed. This study evaluates various methods for the determination of the moisture distribution in a sample of wet solids, such as funnel flow, angle of repose, compressibility index, avalanche tests and electrical conductance. In addition, a different method is implemented to obtain directly the moisture distribution from the bed fluidization quality, based on image processing and on the variation with time of the conductance of the de-fluidized bed after a liquid injection.A solids sample was taken from the fluidized bed. Its free moisture was estimated through the abovementioned tests and its overall moisture was used to obtain the fraction of water trapped in micro-agglomerates. The amount of water in the macro-agglomerates was then obtained by subtracting the measured free and micro-agglomerates moistures from the total mass of liquid injected into the bed.     

A CFD study of wet gas metering over-reading model under high pressure

The venturi flow meter is increasingly being preferred in multiphase flow measurement because of its shorter upstream and downstream straight sections, less influenced by the flow pattern and relatively small pressure loss. However, when the venturi is used for wet gas measurement, the over-reading phenomenon occurs due to the presence of a small amount of liquid. Many scholars have established over-reading models to correct the measured values of wet gas. Regrettably, the applicability of these over-reading models under actual high pressure operating conditions has not been verified. Therefore, this review focuses on numerical simulation of the flow of wet gas in the venturi tube under high pressure conditions (11MPa/13MPa/15 MPa). The discrete phase model (DPM) and the standard k-ε model was employed in this review. The simulations results reveals the flow characteristics of wet gas in venturi tube, which includes the flow field distributions, droplet concentration distributions and wall pressure profile distributions, and indicates that the over-reading values increases with the increase of Lockhart-Martinelli parameters and gas volume flow rate, but decreases with the increase of pressure. Moreover, the ISO model has the best performance under high pressure conditions.     

基于双节流装置的湿气测量方法

湿气作为一种石油天然气行业经常出现的流体,对于湿气的准确测量具有重要的意义。目前常用的方法是在气液分离之后采用单相仪表进行计量,而这种方法成本较高,因此为实现湿气的气液两相在线不分离测量,设计一种基于类内锥和长喉径类文丘里组合的双节流湿气流量测量装置,提出一种基于三级差压信号的测量方法,引入差压信号的比值作为建模的关键参数。同时建立并比较研究此双节流装置的4套湿气测量模型在实验室和现场的表现。经实验室验证,平均气相测量精度为2.13%,平均液相测量精度6.68%。现场性能测试结果表明未经修正的测量模型平均气相测量误差为7.87%,平均液相误差为15.96%,经二次修正后可实现平均气相测量误差优于±3%,液相测量满度误差优于±10%。     

Wet gas measurements of long-throat Venturi Tube based on forced annular flow

A wet gas dual-parameter measuring device composed of a cyclone and a long-throated Venturi tube is proposed to overcome the difficulty of measuring the liquid content of wet gases and reduce the error caused by the wet gas flow pattern. The flow pattern is transformed into an annular flow by a cyclone. In this study, the proposed device was compared with a traditional non-cyclone long-throat Venturi tube; furthermore, the pressure difference ratio W between the contraction and expansion sections of the long-throat Venturi tube was introduced as a parameter. Through numerical simulations, the relationship between W, the gas Froude number, over-reading, and liquid-gas mass flow ratio was analyzed, and a new wet gas flow measurement model was established. The reliability of the measurement model was verified through indoor experiments. The experimental results showed that the traditional wet gas measurement device had gas phase and liquid phase errors of ±4.5% and ±10%, respectively; on the other hand, the cyclone-based wet gas measurement device had gas phase and liquid phase errors of ±3% and ±8%, respectively. Thus, the performance of the wet gas measurement device with the cyclone was higher than that of the traditional wet gas measurement device.     

湿球温度计自动加湿装置的设计

为了提高空气焓差法的热计量精度,旨在提高干湿球温度的测量精度。影响湿球温度测量精度的因素主要有取样风速和湿纱布的含湿量。湿纱布周围的风速为5~7 m/s时,所测的湿球温度较为准确。而在这个风速下,加快了湿纱布的水分蒸发,湿纱布含湿量降低,直接使测量精度降低。基于单片机设计了自动加湿装置,一方面保证了湿纱布的含湿量,另一方面解决了因频繁加水而带来的试验不便的麻烦。另外,为了试验装置系统的安全性、规范性、配套性,设计了自动加湿装置套筒和干湿球温度测试台。配套零件的设计不仅保证了蒸馏水的洁净度,而且有利于提高试验精度。     

Study on wet gas online flow rate measurement based on dual slotted orifice plate

According to the current technical problems existing in gas and liquid flow measurement for wet gas production, the slotted orifice-couple flow meter was developed and the basic measurement principles for gas and liquid flow was presented. A new wet gas flow meter was developed based on the dual slotted orifice transducer. The flow characteristics of liquid flow through dual slotted orifice plate, the relationship of differential pressure between the dual slotted orifice plate, pressure, temperature, and flow rate of gas/liquid of different aperture ratio were studied. A mathematical measurement model was established to be applied in the flow meter measurement system with dual slotted orifice plate. The model was tested and calibrated by on-site field experiments in the China National Center of Metrology at Daqing Oil field. The results showed that the maximum measurement error of the gas and liquid flow was less than 10% and 15% respectively, when the Gas Volume Fraction (GVF) was greater than 90 vol%. The measurement accuracy of this industrial prototype can meet the requirements of well fluids.     

Study on application of wet gas metering technology in shale gas measurement

The application of wet gas flow meter at shale gas wellhead is of great significance to reduce the investment and operation cost of shale gas extraction. In this paper, the flow conditions at the wellhead of shale gas and the principles of the current wet gas flow meters are briefly analyzed. A wet gas flow meter was tested on the wet gas flow test facility, and its performance of flow rates evaluation is studied, which is helpful to optimize the wet gas metering process design of shale gas wellhead and to improve the wet gas metering technology. This study shows that the measurement principles of the current wet gas flow meters are feasible, however, the calibration by using the wet natural gas at working conditions can help to enhance the meter's measure performance.     

基于多尺度加权形态网络的燃气流量计健康状态评估

燃气流量计是天然气贸易计量的重要仪器,而其健康状态的改变会造成计量偏差。为了减少燃气企业的经济损失,本文提出了一种基于多模态数据扩充、形态学特征学习和多尺度自适应加权形态学网络的燃气流量计健康状态评估方法。首先,采用基于Wasserstein距离和谱归一化的ACGAN算法进行数据扩充。其次,针对燃气流量计振动信号数据的复杂性和噪声影响,提出了一种基于平均帽变换的形态学方法提取信号的正负脉冲信息。最后,针对非平稳、变工况的工业条件,引入多尺度自适应加权形态学网络,采用具有不同结构元素尺度的多个分量来分别提取脉冲信息,并利用自适应加权融合来增强提供强脉冲分量的尺度。通过实验结果表明,所提出的方法对燃气流量计健康状态评估的准确度超过94%。该方法对实际燃气贸易计量有重要的应用价值。     

Wet gas metering technique based on slotted orifice and swirlmeter in series

Wet gas flow is a subset of gas–liquid two-phase flow, and wet gas metering is gaining considerable attention due to its importance in the nuclear, oil and gas industry. Wet gas meter based on slotted orifice and swirlmeter combination in series was designed and investigated. A wet gas measurement model with the simultaneous equations from the two flowmeters' correlations has been established, and then an iterative solution algorithm is given. The novel proposed approach predicts the gas mass flow rate relative errors within ±6% from 89.2% tested samples, and the gas mass flow rate relative errors within ±20% from all tested samples, which is accepted for many wet gas applications. Therefore, it implies that the proposed wet gas metering technique may be used to meter both gas and liquid flow rates for wet gas flow at the Lockhart Martinelli parameter X≤0.12.     

Velocity measurement for two-phase flows based on ultrafast X-ray tomography

The ultrafast electron beam X-ray tomography scanner ROFEX is used for the investigation of multiphase flows. Its functional principle allows us to obtain sequences of cross-sectional flow images, which shows local attenuation properties of the flow. Hence, the X-ray CT images mainly reveal the shape and interfaces of flow constituents, such as gas, liquid and solids via their X-ray contrast. It is, however, more difficult to obtain velocity information from multiphase flows. In this article we discuss different methods to extract information on the velocities of particles or interfaces as well as for continuous phase. For disperse phase velocity measurement, e.g. in gas–liquid or gas–solids flows, we employ cross-correlation based techniques using two imaging planes. Apart from the standard cross-correlation technique we developed a method and algorithm, which is capable to identify identical bubbles in the two planes giving us a unique Lagrangian particle-related velocity information. Eventually we give an example of velocity measurement in the continuous liquid phase using an X-ray contrast agent.     

气侵对井下环空流量电磁测量系统的影响研究

井下环空流量电磁测量系统可以实时获取井下环空流量信息,但环空流道侵入的气体会对其测量结果产生影响,导致测量系统无法准确对钻井过程中出现的溢流和井喷问题进行预警。针对环空流量电磁测量系统受气侵影响的问题,研究首先通过建立气侵对环空流量电磁测量系统影响的理论模型,获得了环空流量电磁测量系统虚电流密度函数;其次,采用有限元仿真软件对侵入气体的不同存在状态进行动态模拟,分析环空流量电磁测量系统的虚电流分布规律;最后,搭建模拟实验平台进行不同两相混合流量下的含气率影响实验。实验结果表明,随着环空流道内两相混合流体含气率在0%～5%范围内增加,不同两相混合流量下的环空流量电磁测量系统输出电压均呈现下降趋势,采用二次函数拟合不同两相混合流量下环空流量电磁测量系统输出电压与含气率关系,可决系数R~2在0.98以上,拟合残差e小于0.011;最终通过归一化的输出电压与含气率关系式校正环空测量流量。研究成果可用于降低气侵对测量结果的影响,提高井下环空流量电磁测量系统的测量精度。     

Study of the factors influencing the over-reading characteristics of the precession Venturi

In the energy industry, such as the gas field, precise measurement of wet gas is becoming increasingly crucial. Many studies have focused on the over-reading (OR) of throttle flowmeter in wet gas measurement. By using the dimensional analysis method, we proposed a precession Venturi and established a new OR correlation based on the gas Froude number, liquid-gas density ratio, and the Lockhart–Martinelli parameter. Experimental tests of air-water flow were conducted, and the relationships between differential pressure and OR with liquid volume fraction were investigated at various pressures and superficial gas velocities. The experimental results show that the uncertainty of gas flow rate measurement is in the range of 0.35%–0.56%, and 90.8% of the points are in the range of 0.35%–0.45%, with a relative error band of ±2.94% calculated by the OR correlation at a confidence probability of 95.5%.     

大管径超声波测流误差的影响因素及修正分析

流量测量是影响水轮机效率测试精度最主要的因素。大管径流量测量的方法主要采用超声波法,然而,其测量精度及误差构成尚无有效的校验方法。结合时差法超声波流量计的测流原理,推导得到流量综合误差,建立测流误差描述模型。提出一种基于流量测量理想系统来进行误差分析的量化方法,为超声波测流系统的误差分析与控制提供一种新的途径。通过测流理想系统对超声波测流精度的影响因素进行仿真研究,分析了各项参数测量误差对系统综合误差的影响,针对影响较大的主导因素提出了相关修正方法,并对系统综合误差的控制进行了分析。最后搭建实验系统进行研究,实验结果初步验证了该方法的有效性。     

Research on wet gas separation method based on swirl and ejection cycle technology

Gas-liquid co-production often occurs in the middle and late stages of natural gas production. Efficient wet gas separation is very important in natural gas transportation and measurement. The traditional separation device has a relatively low separation efficiency due to the flow patterns, a new type of pipe separator was designed based on the swirl and ejection cycle technology. A new systematical separation procedure with three main steps was proposed simultaneously. The wet gas was forced to form an annular flow by a swirler. Then, the liquid film flows into the annular gap. The wave layer was introduced into the swirl separation again with the self-circulating ejection system for fine separation finally. Laboratory experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations show that the additional swirl process can decrease the flow pattern influence effectively, and the separation efficiency can increase to more than 90%. The separation efficiency is mainly determined by the gas superficial velocity, and while the velocity of the inlet gas is less than 21 m/s, the separation efficiency is up to 93%. The separation efficiency prediction model was established based on liquid film porosity, and the prediction relative error is less than 10%. The new device, the separation procedure, and the test results can provide constructive technical reference for the real-world pipe separator application.     

浅谈湿煤气流量测量中的湿度补偿问题与方法

分析了在不同温度下煤气中的水蒸汽对煤气流量测量的影响,阐述了对湿煤气流量测量进行湿度补偿的重要性,并依据相关标准对湿煤气流量测量湿度补偿方法做了进一步讨论。     

基于单V锥节流装置的湿气气液流量在线测量

提出采用两相质量流量系数对V锥节流装置湿气测量误差进行修正,试验研究洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数、气体密度弗鲁德数以及气液密度比对V锥节流装置两相质量流量系数的影响规律。V锥节流装置的节流比为0.55,试验介质为压缩空气和水,气液密度比为0.002 445~0.006 083,气体密度弗鲁德数为0.3~2.0,洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数为0.01~0.34。结果表明,两相流量系数随洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数增加而线性增大,同时还受气体密度弗鲁德数和气液密度比的影响。获得了两相质量流量系数与洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数、气体密度弗鲁德数和气液密度比的定量关系,建立湿气流量测量的半经验关联式。利用V锥节流装置前后锥体对湿气具有不同的差压响应特性,获得了其差异性的影响规律,建立单节流元件双差压的湿气气液流量双参数测量方程。在试验范围内,测得的气相质量流量相对误差小于±5.0%,平均误差为2.2%;液相质量流量相对误差小于±20.0%,平均误差为9.8%。该方法具有系统简单、成本低廉、精度较高的特点。     

A V-Cone meter measurement correlation in low pressure wet gas based on Chisholm model

To gain a deeper understanding of the performance of V-Cone meter in low pressure wet gas measurement, the over-reading of the V-Cone meter was experimentally investigated in the present study. The equivalent diameter ratio of the V-Cone meter is 0.55. The experimental fluids were air and tap water. The operating pressure and the gas volume fraction ranged from 0.1 MPa to 0.4 MPa and 97.52%–100%, respectively. The results showed that the existing V-Cone wet gas correlation, which was developed for the medium and high pressure wet gas cannot be well extended to the low pressure conditions. The Chisholm exponent monotonically decreased with the ratio of liquid-to-gas mass flow rate increasing, and was almost not affected by the gas to liquid density ratio and the gas densiometric Froude number in the present test ranges. A measurement correlation dedicated for the low pressure wet gas was developed. In the present cases, the relative deviation of the gas mass flow rate predicted by the new correlation was within ±4.0% and ±3.0% under the 95% and 90% confidence level, respectively; the average relative deviation was 0.046%. Our results provide insights into the measurement performance of V-Cone meter in low pressure wet gas and may help to develop a more comprehensive wet gas correlation.