Influence of Possible Reflections on the Operation of European ITER Gyrotrons

The theory describing the influence of reflections on operation of gyrotrons with radial output is used for evaluating the effect of reflections on the operation of the ITER 170 GHz 2 MW coaxial cavity gyrotron, which is under development, and the 170 GHz 1 MW cylindrical cavity gyrotron as a fall back solution.     

Numerical simulation of mode interaction in 170 GHz/1 MW gyrotrons for iter

The paper presents an advanced method for and results of calculating main parameters of CW 170 GHz/1 MW gyrotrons operating at the TE_28.7 and TE_31.8 modes for ITER. Parameters are optimized to achieve maximum efficiency of the gyrotron with an acceptable Ohmic load on the cavity. Numerical modeling of starting up a gyrotron with an optimized cavity and processes of mode interaction are discussed.     

RF Behavior of Cylindrical Cavity Based 240 GHz, 1 MW Gyrotron for Future Tokamak System

In this paper, we present the RF behavior of conventional cylindrical interaction cavity for 240 GHz, 1 MW gyrotron for futuristic plasma fusion reactors. Very high-order TE mode is searched for this gyrotron to minimize the Ohmic wall loading at the interaction cavity. The mode selection process is carried out rigorously to analyze the mode competition and design feasibility. The cold cavity analysis and beam-wave interaction computation are carried out to finalize the cavity design. The detail parametric analyses for interaction cavity are performed in terms of mode stability, interaction efficiency and frequency. In addition, the design of triode type magnetron injection gun is also discussed. The electron beam parameters such as velocity ratio and velocity spread are optimized as per the requirement at interaction cavity. The design studies presented here confirm the realization of CW, 1 MW power at 240 GHz frequency at TE_46,17 mode.     

Numerical Study of Processes in the Cavity of the 170 GHz Gyrotron for ITER Operating at the TE25.10 Mode

The opportunity of use of a TE_25.10 operating mode for CW 170 GHz/1 MW gyrotron for ITER is estimated. Parameters are optimized to achieve maximum efficiency of the gyrotron with an acceptable Ohmic load on the cavity. The influence of unwanted mode conversion at the output of the resonator, mode competition, electron beam potential depression, ion compensation of the space charge and beam energy recovery is investigated.     

Design of 95 GHz, 2 MW Gyrotron for Communication and Security Applications

The design and the numerical simulation of the 95 GHz, 2 MW gyrotron for various kinds of communication, sensing and security applications is presented. The gyrotron is designed for the TE_24,8 operating mode. Various in-house developed and commercially available computer codes are used for the design purpose. A 4.25 MW electron gun is designed for the 2 MW of output power. The mode selection, cold cavity and the beam–wave interaction analysis are discussed for the design of weakly tapered open resonator type of interaction cavity. The parametric analysis of the interaction cavity and the electron gun is also presented.     

LOW POWER MEASUREMENTS ON THE NEW RF OUTPUT SYSTEM OF A 170 GHZ, 2 MW COAXIAL CAVITY GYROTRON

The design of the quasi optical (q. o.) RF output system for the first industrial prototype of the European 170 GHz, 2 MW, CW coaxial cavity gyrotron for electron cyclotron heating and current drive in ITER has been verified at a low power level. Results of measurements with a high quality TE_34,19-mode generator are in good agreement with the design calculations. This strengthens the confidence both to the employed design codes and to the manufacturing quality of the launcher and mirrors.     

Axisymmetric quasi-optical gyrotron oscillator

An axisymmetric quasi-optical gyrotron (ASQUOTRON) is considered to realize a 10 MW, 150 GHz, CW oscillator required for an electron cyclotron resonance heating of a fusion plasma. The gyrotron has an axisymmetric mirror to be used as its optical cavity. It is shown that the axisymmetric mirror of relatively small radius (～20 cm) can be used in producing the 10 MW continuous wave with a tolerable mirror heat load (～0.5 kW/cm²). Considerations are also made on wave transmissions through the mirror and to a target.     

用于受控热核聚变的兆瓦级同轴腔回旋振荡器的注-波互作用分析

相对于高阶工作模式的单腔回旋管,同轴腔回旋管具有缓解模式竞争,提高单模工作的稳定性,以及增大功率容量的优点,宜用于受控热核聚变中的电子回旋共振加热和电子回旋电流驱动而受关注.详细地研究了工作频率为170 GHz,TE_(34,11),模同轴腔回旋管的结构参数、电子束参数及腔壁损耗对注-波互作用的影响.首先对170 GHz兆瓦级功率模式选择进行分析,给出了工作模式.再次,基于时域自洽非线性理论,编写了时域单模稳态注-波互作用程序,分析了电流、磁场强度和腔壁欧姆损耗对互作用的影响,并对工作参数进行了优化.模拟结果表明:当电子束电流为68 A,工作电压为65 kV,引导磁场强度为6.58 T时,可获得2.18 MW的输出功率,49.23%的效率,外腔壁上的欧姆损耗密度峰值为1.94 kW/cm~2,内导体表面的小于0.15 W/cm~2;互作用效率随速度零散增大而降低,输出频率向下偏移;电子注厚度对互作用也有相似的影响.     

一种超低电压宽带调谐太赫兹回旋管互作用结构

低电压频率可调太赫兹回旋管在生物医学和波谱学等领域具有重要应用。文章分析了超低电压(<1 kV)下采用传统开放腔互作用电路的330 GHz 回旋管输出功率和频率调谐特性,探讨了超低电压下由于电子相对论效应减弱而导致的回旋管中电子注-波互作用耦合强度降低的问题。在此基础上,针对330 GHz 超低电压回旋管提出了一种改进的互作用电路结构,其下倾式尾端结构有助于增大反向波幅度,提高弱相对论电子注与电磁波之间的耦合强度,从而提高回旋管的输出效率及频率调谐带宽。非线性模拟结果表明,在低至0.3 kV 的超低电压下,采用此种互作用电路结构仍可获得大于1 W 的连续波输出功率及22 GHz 的连续调谐带宽,峰值输出效率大于7%。     

Design of a 1-MW,CW coaxial gyrotron with two gaussian beam outputs

The design of a 170 GHz, 1 MW-CW gyrotron for electron cyclotron heating of nuclear fusion plasmas is presented. The designed gyrotron incorporates a coaxial cavity to reduce mode competition, and a coaxial electron gun to support the cavity inner conductor. A new mode converter splits the generated wave into two beams and radiates them in different directions. The radiated beams are transmitted to two output windows through two mirror systems, being transformed into Gaussian-like beams. A single-stage depressed collector improves the overall efficiency of the gyrotron and reduces the heat flux to the collector surface.     

Singular and Hypersingular Integral Equations Techniques for Gyrotron Coaxial Resonators with a Corrugated Insert

For the first time rigorous theory is developed for eigen traveling TM modes in the resonator of the coaxial cavity gyrotron with a corrugated insert. This mathematical model can be applied for any corrugation parameters and wavelengths. Gyrotron simulation software is developed and allows to calculate mode eigenvalues, electromagnetic field components and Ohmic losses for eigen TE and TM modes. Results of the numerical investigations are presented for the ITER relevant 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron developed in Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany.     

D-band frequency step-tuning of A 1 MW gyrotron using a brewster output window

In order to demonstrate the usability of gyrotron oscillators as frequency step tunable high power millimeter-wave sources, experiments on a 1 MW, 140 GHz TE_22,6 gyrotron with a built-in quasi-optical (q. o.) mode converter have been performed. By varying the operating parameters of the tube, a series of oscillations in the frequency range from 114 GHz to 166 GHz were excited. To avoid reflections, caused by the required vacuum barrier window, the gyrotron was equipped with a Brewster window. The achieved output power levels between 0.85 and 1.05 MW are compared to measurements carried out with the same tube using a conventional single-disk window. These experiments showed that even by using a q. o. mode converter, the influence of window reflections on the gyrotron oscillatory behavior cannot be removed completely.     

Energy spectra of electrons and depressed potential collector in gyrotrons

Energy distributions of electrons after their interaction with RF field in the gyrotron with the output power 1 MW and frequency 140 GHz are calculated. The energy spectra evolution is studied for the cases when velocity spread, pitch-factor, beam current and cyclotron frequency change. The efficiency of one- and two stage energy recovery systems are investigated.     

140 GHz, TE22,6模式回旋振荡管高频谐振腔

通过数值计算方法,编程模拟了140 GHz, TE22,6模式回旋振荡管开放式缓变截面谐振腔的传播特性,计算出谐振腔的谐振频率和品质因数;利用CST软件对该高频谐振腔进行仿真计算,得到腔体内横截面的电场分布云图。通过实验和仿真软件得到的数据进行比较,两者有较好的一致性。测试结果表明,当磁场为5.48 T,电子注电流为28 A,电子注电压为68.6 kV时,TE22,6模式的平均输出功率为0.25 kW,峰值功率为0.56 MW。当磁场为5.68 T,电子注电流为27.6 A,电子注电压为69.12 kV时,回旋振荡管可同样工作于TE22,6,2模式,平均输出功率为0.21 kW,峰值功率为0.47 MW。     

Feasibility study of the eu home team on a 170GHz 1MW CW gyrotron for ECH on ITER

The gyrotron system forECH and burn control onITER requires at least50MW ofRF power at frequencies near170GHz operating inCW. To meet these requirements, high efficiency gyrotron tubes with ≥1MW power output capability are necessary, as well as simple coupling to either a quasi-optical or waveguide transmission line. The paper reports the feasibility study on the design of anITER-relevant gyrotron oscillator at170GHz,1MW CW employing a diode electron gun, an advanced internal quasi-optical converter, a cryogenically cooled single disk sapphire window, and a depressed potential collector. The operating mode selection and the cavity design is a compromise between many design constraints.     

国际热核聚变装置用回旋管的现状及技术分析

回旋管是一种具有重要发展前景的高功率毫米波和太赫兹源.本文简要介绍了回旋振荡管的结构和基本原理,并且评述了国际热核聚变装置中所用110,140和170 GHz回旋振荡管的发展现况和趋势.同时指出了回旋振荡管发展中存在的关键问题并给出了可能解决的技术途径.     

Development of 28?GHz and 77?GHz, Mega-Watt Gyrotrons for Fusion Devices

A 28 GHz 1 MW with TE_8,3 cavity for GAMMA10 tandem mirror and a 77 GHz 1.5 MW gyrotron with TE_18,6 for Large Helical Device (LHD) have been developed to upgrade their Electron Cyclotron Heating (ECH) systems. In the 28 GHz gyrotron, the maximum power of 1.05 MW was obtained, which is in agreement with its design target value. And the high efficiency of 40% without collector potential depression (CPD) was obtained with 0.8 MW. In the first and second 77 GHz gyrotrons, 0.8 MW 3.6 sec., 0.3 MW 60 sec operations have been achieved, but several issues due to the stray RF and velocity dispersion have been found, too. In consideration of these, the design improvement was performed to aim at 1.5 MW in the third tube. In the short pulse test, the maximum output power of 1.6 MW and the maximum total efficiency of 49.4% with CPD were obtained. In the long pulse test, the pulse length extended to 5 sec with 1 MW, 1800 sec with 0.1 MW, 1.6 sec with 1.5 MW. Total injection power of 3.1 MW to LHD plasma has been achieved. It is shown that the electron beam pitch factor ?? decreases with increasing of beam current, comparing with the experimental and calculation results.     

大功率太赫兹回旋管的腔体分析与模拟

以0.3 THz回旋管为研究对象,对 TE06模回旋管腔体进行理论分析和起振电流的计算,以避免模式竞争的出现。对选取的电参数进行粒子模拟仿真,在10 kV和300 mA条件下得到 TE06模输出、平均输出功率为152 W及输出频率为299.5 GHz的模拟结果,并对不同磁场和不同电流情况下输出功率进行了分析,为太赫兹回旋管的研制提供参考。     

110 GHz gyrotron with a built-in high-efficiency converter

A 110 GHz 1 MW pulse gyrotron has been elaborated. A built-in electrodynamic duct consisting of a new type quasi-optical converter and three matching mirrors transforms operating mode TE_15,4 into a gaussian beam going through the output window. The efficiency of the duct (ratio of the gaussian beam power outside the gyrotron to the total microwave power at the output of the cavity) is about 95%. A system consisting of the gyrotron and an outer mirror transmission line is proved to have efficiency (ratio of the microwave power measured by calorimeter at the end of line to the power of the electron beam) more than 40%.     

35GHz三次谐波低电压回旋管理论研究

用动力学理论分析了三次谐波复合腔回旋管中的注-波互作用,选取了工作点;建立了突变复合腔回旋管的自洽非线性理论模型,该模型既考虑了电子和高频场的自洽相互作用又考虑了复合腔过渡部分模式的耦合,基于该理论模型,对一只三次谐波35GHz突变结构复合腔回旋管中电子注与H₆₁-H₆₂高频场互作用进行了数值模拟,当电流20A,磁场为0.442T时,互作用效率为24%,输出功率为210kW.