利用玉米秸秆水解液厌氧发酵产丁二酸的研究

对玉米秸秆水解液发酵产丁二酸进行了研究。玉米秸秆水解液中含有对菌体生长不利的物质,通过不同的脱毒方法处理玉米秸秆水解液,考察了脱毒前后抑制物以及总糖含量的变化,结果表明,活性炭和Ca（OH）2同时使用的脱毒效果最好;抑制物糠醛及羟甲基糠醛（HMF）的去除率分别为91．11％、89．83％,而总糖损失率仅为5．57％。用脱毒后的玉米秸秆水解液作为碳源发酵产丁二酸,其产量可达到66．23g／L,收率为67．28％,分别比未经脱毒时提高24．81g／L,25．30％。     

预处理玉米秸秆发酵生产燃料酒精的研究

本文利用正交试验对玉米秸秆发酵生产燃料酒精的条件进行了摇瓶试验。试验发现，采用管囊酵母SQY－001与酿酒酵母SQY－002混合菌种发酵生产酒精的最适条件为发酵温度36℃，发酵周期为72h，转速为80－100r/min，纤维素酶用量为40IU／g底物，管囊酵母与酿酒酵母的接种比例为2：1，并在此条件下得到酒精产率为0．148g/g。     

曲酸生产菌种的筛选和发酵培养条件的优化

通过多次UV诱变黄曲霉菌A－5，获得-高产曲酸生产菌株UV3x3，该菌株的适宜发酵条件为：温度33℃，淀粉14％，酵母浸出物0．5％，H3PO4。0．07％，MgSO4·7H2O0．05％，FeSO4·7H2O0．002％，K2CO30.03％，在此条件下摇瓶培养6天可生产曲酸6．84g／100m，平均生产效率为11．4g／（1·d），后期生产效率达15．4g／（1·d），转化率为55％。     

靖州杨梅果酷及其饮料的研制

以杨梅鲜果为原料,通过对比实验和正交试验,确定杨梅果醋生产工艺和果醋饮料的原料优化配比。结果表明,酿造工艺条件为杨梅果汁糖度调整至14％,接入0．3％酒用活化酵母,酒精发酵温度28～32℃,酒精发酵时间约8d;杨梅酒液酒精度调整至7％,接入10％醋酸菌,醋酸发酵温度36～38℃,醋酸发酵时间约10d。杨梅果醋饮料调制的优化参数为酸度5．5％的杨梅果醋8．0％,杨梅果汁15％,蜂蜜7．0％,有机酸（柠檬酸：苹果酸=2：1,W／W）0．08％,在25MPa压力下均质处理。酿制的杨梅果醋具有食醋清香和杨梅果香,酸味柔和,风味独特;调制的杨梅果醋饮料澄清透明,酸甜爽口,杨梅果香浓郁。     

玉米秸秆水解液生产燃料酒精的研究

通过对稀硫酸预处理玉米秸秆水解液发酵生产燃料酒精各因素进行分析，初步确定了利用奥默毕赤氏酵母的最适发酵条件：发酵温度为36℃，时间为60h，通风量为0．081／min,初始还原糖浓度为74．0g／1。在最适发酵条件下，乙醇产率为0．327g／g。在73．96g／1的水解液中添加20g／1葡萄糖会导致酵母发酵过程出现“二次生长”现象。     

草浆造纸中段废水处理的组合工艺研究

采用ABPb-生物接触氧化-混凝组合工艺处理草浆中段废水。试验结果表明：ABE适宜的停留时间为8h,适宜的容积负荷为2．5kgCOD／（m^3d）以下,COD去除率可达38．8％～41．6％;生物接触氧化池的适宜水力停留时间为10h,适宜的容积负荷为0．75～1．2kgCOD／（m^3·d）,适宜的气水比为20：1,COD去除率为62．7％～65．5％;混凝剂聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）最佳用量为0．5g／L。经组合工艺处理后,中段废水生物接触氧化处理效率有较大提高,系统COD去除率保持在91．3％～92．4％,出水COD基本达到DB57／336-2005的要求。     

堆积糖化对玉米秸秆同步糖化固态发酵生产乙醇的影响

该文以玉米秸秆为原料,经蒸汽爆破预处理后接入Trichoderma reesei Rut C-40培养纤维素酶曲,将纤维素酶曲与汽爆秸秆混合堆积糖化后,接入酵母菌进行同步糖化固态发酵生产乙醇,通过Box-Behnken设计实验得到最适酶解工艺条件:酶曲/汽爆秸秆为1.2,温度46℃,pH值4.4,堆积糖化48h后酶解率可达到32.50%。将酶解糖化48h后的底物接入酵母菌,发酵96h后乙醇产率可达0.15g/g底物,较直接同步糖化发酵乙醇产率提高了9.3%。     

玉米胚芽超氧化物歧化酶提取及对酒精发酵的影响

从玉米胚芽提取SOD的最佳工艺条件为：100g玉米中加入200mL0．05mol/L磷酸缓冲液，40℃浸泡玉米36h，淋干后分离胚芽与胚乳，再加入胚芽质量2倍的0．05mol/L磷酸缓冲液破碎后浸提1h，离心得SOD提取液，总酶活为22549．0u；然后添加硫酸铵依次达到饱和度40％和90％，进行除杂蛋白和盐析，离心后将沉淀冷冻干燥即得到SOD粗酶制剂，其比活为334．6u／mg蛋白。将分离后的胚乳和提取SOD后的胚芽残渣混合进行酒精发酵，淀粉出酒率达到53．16％，证明胚芽SOD提取不影响酒精发酵，且可降低酒精的生产成本。     

光催化及与芬顿氧化联合处理染料废水的研究

采用光催化、光催化与芬顿氧化相结合的方法处理北京泛博科技有限公司的染料废水,通过正交试验得到光催化处理此废水的最佳条件,在此条件下CODCr．去除率为63％,色度的去除率为70％。从光催化与芬顿氧化协同处理废水的试验中得到的最优条件是H2O2＋FeSO4 ·7H2O2为2ml／L＋1．7g／L,TiO2为12g／L,反应的pH为3,光照曝气时间为90min,在此条件下废水CODCr的去除率达到了89．4％,色度的去除率达到了98％,比单纯的光催化氧化提高约50％。     

枇杷果醋及其饮料的研制

以枇杷鲜果为原料，通过对比试验和正交试验，确定生产工艺和枇杷果醋饮料的原料优化配比。结果表明，酿造工艺条件为枇杷果汁糖度调整至14％，接入0．3％酒用活化酵母，酒精发酵温度28℃～32℃，酒精发酵时间约8d；枇杷酒液酒精度调整至7％，接入10％醋酸菌，醋酸发酵温度36℃～38℃，醋酸发酵时间约10d。枇杷果醋饮料调制的优化参数为酸度5．5％的枇杷果醋8．0％，枇杷果汁15％，蜂蜜7．0％，有机酸（柠檬酸：苹果酸=2：1）0．08％，在25MPa压力下均质处理。酿制的枇杷果醋具有食醋清香和枇杷果香，酸味柔和，风味独特：调制的枇杷果醋饮料澄清透明，酸甜爽口，枇杷果香浓郁。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.