脂肪替代物的分类及在食品中的应用

过多摄取富含脂肪的食品严重危害人体健康,并与肥胖症,高血压、动脉硬化和冠心病密切相关.因此,低脂肪膳食一直为营养学家所倡导,食品逐渐向脱脂、低脂方向发展.消费者对脂肪含量非常敏感,但又无法接受无脂食品的粗糙口感.于是,脂肪替代物便应运而生.脂肪替代物的研究起步较晚,但发展很快,到目前为止,已形成了多种脂肪替代物.优质的脂肪替代物不仅能最大限度的降低食品中的脂肪含量,而且能尽可能的保持甚至改善原有食品的感官品质,制得的产品各项指标都非常接近高脂产品,与传统产品在外观、凤味、口感以及总接受性方面无明显差异.本文主要介绍脂肪替代物的分类和在食品工业中的研究与应用.脂肪替代物因其自身的功能,已愈发引起人们对它的关注,其市场前景相当广阔.     

减肥食品和高能量食品的感官差别

减肥食品越来越引起社会的注意.减肥食品的感官评价成为影响消费者选择减肥食品的首要因素.本文介绍了在减肥食品中常使用的两类能降低能量摄入的物质强力甜味剂和脂肪替代品.对两类物质在不同食品里使用后的感官进行了评价和分析.     

脂肪替代品及其在肉制品中的应用

脂肪是三大营养素之一,在人体内发挥着重要的生理功能,但常摄入高脂肪膳食会对人体健康产生危害。脂肪替代品是一类被添加到低脂或无脂食品中,使它们具有与同类全脂食品相同或相近的感官效果,但所提供的能量降低的物质。阐述脂肪替代品的研究及其在肉制品中的应用现状,分析其中存在的问题,提出相应的解决对策,以期为脂肪替代品在肉制品中的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

食品中甘味的感官评价研究

食品的甘味是一种特殊的风味,本文对食品中甘味的感官评价进行了初步研究,包括筛选和培训食品感官评价员,进行食品甘味的感官培训和感官评价测试,根据测试结果改善食品感官以及量化食品甘味的感官评价指标等,为如何在食品研发和品质控制中开展感官评价研究工作提供了一条新思路,同时亦就甘味的呈味机理作了初步探讨。     

脂肪替代物在低脂冰淇淋中的应用研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

冰淇淋作为一种复杂的多相食品,由分散在半冷冻溶液中的脂肪球、气泡和冰晶组成。其脂肪含量通常为8%~16%,在冰淇淋体系中起着重要作用。然而,脂肪摄入过多会对健康造成不利影响,因此采用脂肪替代物部分或全部代替冰淇淋中的脂肪成为研究热点。综述了近年来国内外学者对于冰淇淋中脂肪替代物的研究进展,侧重于不同类型脂肪替代物的介绍,以及脂肪替代物对低脂冰淇淋理化和感官特性的影响,总结了其应用情况,并对未来的研发方向和重点进行了展望。     

新型脂肪香精的应用技术研究

脂肪香精是将动物脂肪氧化后再与氨基酸发生美拉德反应得到的一种新型肉味香精。文章介绍了脂肪香精的生产方法和感官特性,并对其在方便面调味粉、鸡精、餐饮用汤和肉制品中的应用配方和工艺条件进行了研究,以便为食品企业生产此类产品提供参考。     

口腔软摩擦理论与测量技术及其在食品感官感知研究中的应用

食品口腔加工是一个复杂的动态过程，包括食物持续破碎、食团尺寸减小、唾液分泌和食团形成等一系列过程。它既是食品的口腔物理处理过程，又是食品的感官感知过程。在此过程中，食品颗粒之间以及食品颗粒与口腔表面之间普遍存在着相对移动。因此，如何准确描述与该过程控制相关的物理原理，已超出了传统的流变学范畴，而且许多感官特性（如光滑感、脂肪感、油腻感、后余味等）亦不可用简单的流变学测量来表征。近年来兴起的口腔软摩擦研究被认为是研究食品口腔加工与口腔感官的可行技术手段。本文阐述了摩擦学基本原理和口腔软摩擦的基本知识，主要包括口腔软摩擦的生物学基础和测量方法，同时介绍了软摩擦技术在食品研发与感官品质评定中应用的最新进展。     

糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白对脂肪氧化的抑制作用

研究糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白的改性产物(Zein-Glu)对猪肉糜品质的影响,测定硫代巴比妥酸反应物值(TBARS)、脂肪过氧化值(POV)、红度值a*、pH以及感官品质。结果显示:Zein-Glu不仅能够有效地抑制脂肪氧化对肉的影响,并且能够在一定时间内、较好的保持肉糜的色泽和新鲜程度,使其保持良好的感官特性。因此,Zein-Glu能够作为安全、方便的功能性抗氧化剂添加到食品中。     

食品中感官评定发展现状

食品感官评定在食品质量评估中占有重要的作用,其在食品生产与食品研究中越来越得到更多人的重视。从感官评定发展的标志性事件,及国内感官评定现状总结了感官评定的历史;由感官评定的定义出发,通过味觉、触觉、视觉、嗅觉和听觉五个方面对感官评定常用的方法手段等相应状况进行了概述;概述了感官评定人员、食品基质、食品加工处理对食品感官评定的影响。     

功能性低热量油脂食用品质评价

摄入过量脂肪会引发多种疾病，为了达到既减少脂肪摄入量，又不影响食品口感、风味等目的，对开发的脂肪代用品——功能性低热量油脂的感官品质、理化特性、营养学评价及毒理学特性进行了分析和研究。结果表明，该油的分子结构与天然油脂相同，热量与普通花生油相比降低了30％，感官品质没有差异。急性毒理学实验表明，该油为安全、无毒物质。     

From sensory evaluation to sensory and consumer research of food: An autobiographical perspective

During the past decades, sensory evaluation of food quality has evolved and grown into a discipline that covers sensory and consumer research of foods and beverages. The present review deals with those aspects of the development in which I have been personally involved and have considered inspiring and important subject matters in the field. They are consumer responses to (1) salt, (2) fat, and (3) unfamiliar foods; (4) food choice and socio-cognitive segmentation, (5) responses to food in the elderly and young; and (6) genetic origins of food preferences. Perspectives of the field and of these specific areas are discussed, and some “words of wisdom” are offered for the younger generation of sensory-consumer researchers.     

Reduced Fat Food Emulsions: Physicochemical,Sensory, and Biological Aspects

Fat plays multiple important roles in imparting desirable sensory attributes to emulsion-based food products, such as sauces, dressings, soups, beverages, and desserts. However, there is concern that over consumption of fats leads to increased incidences of chronic diseases, such as obesity, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. Consequently, there is a need to develop reduced fat products with desirable sensory profiles that match those of their full-fat counterparts. The successful design of high quality reduced-fat products requires an understanding of the many roles that fat plays in determining the sensory attributes of food emulsions, and of appropriate strategies to replace some or all of these attributes. This paper reviews our current understanding of the influence of fat on the physicochemical and physiological attributes of food emulsions, and highlights some of the main approaches that can be used to create high quality emulsion-based food products with reduced fat contents.     

Impact of Fat Replacers on the Rheological,Tribological, and Aroma Release Properties of Reduced-Fat Model Emulsion Systems and Processed Cheese

Due to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity and their associated health problems, the demand for low-calorie and low-fat foods is growing worldwide, especially in the fast food and convenience sectors. However, fat- or calorie-reduced products are often accompanied by sensory deficiencies. Although fat reduction in foods has been addressed in literature, an ideal fat replacer has not been identified due to the variety of fats, their multifarious functions in foods, and the wide range of food products. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of selected fat replacers on the properties of reduced-fat model emulsion systems and processed cheese. The use of dietary fibers as fat replacers was of particular interest due to their intrinsic health benefits. In addition, both new and established methods of measurement of sensory attributes were applied and compared to determine correlations of findings between different methods of measurement. Chapter 1 addresses the influence of fat replacers on attributes such as energy density, flowability, and firmness in a real food product, processed cheese. To this end, microparticulated whey protein (MWP), which has been widely used as a fat replacer, and three dietary fibers (corn dextrin (CD), inulin, and polydextrose), were used in reduced-fat processed cheese slices. A reduction in energy density of about 30 to 40% was achieved using a fat replacer compared to standard commercial full-fat processed cheese. Higher CD and inulin concentrations reduced the flowability of the cheese slices upon heating, but only had a minor impact on the firmness of the unheated cheese. The addition of MWP resulted in firmer cheese slices with higher flowability compared to the other fat replacers. However, changes in the MWP concentration had little effect on either property. The results demonstrated that different fat replacers with varying concentrations need to be applied to achieve desired attributes for specific conditions of use, e.g., unheated cheese in sandwiches or heated cheese in cheeseburgers. To evaluate newly developed reduced-fat foods, the impact of fat replacers on sensory properties and aroma release also needs to be investigated, which is addressed in chapters 2 to 4. Due to the complex composition of cheese, systematic investigation of the mode of action of fat replacers is difficult. Therefore, emulsion-based model foods were used to eliminate interfering factors and natural variations of ingredients. The second study (chapter 2) focused on developing and validating appropriate methods to investigate the effects of fat, fat reduction and the use of fat replacers on emulsion systems. Tribology, a comparatively new method in food research, was used to instrumentally analyze selected aspects of food mouthfeel. Reduced-fat salad mayonnaises were prepared as separate samples containing different CD concentrations, and characterized using textural, rheological and tribological analyses together with measures of spreadability and human-sensory analysis. The results showed a very high correlation between tribological measurements and the sensory evaluation of the attribute stickiness. In addition, it was shown that some correlations between instrumental and sensory data were best described by a non-linear correlation (Stevens’ power law), such as the relationship between Texture Analyzer measurements and sensory sensations of firmness. Furthermore, the Kokini oral shear stress correlated very well with the sensory attribute creaminess. Hence, the instrumental analytical methods used showed the potential to predict elements of the sensory analysis and reduce the overall analytical effort. While aroma release plays a key role in consumer acceptance, the influence of fat replacers on this attribute has rarely been studied. The third study (chapter 3) therefore investigated not only techno-functional properties but also the release of typical cheese aromas using a liquid emulsion as a model food. While both MWP and CD exhibited a retarding effect on the release of lipophilic aroma compounds, MWP also reduced the release of hydrophilic aroma compounds. It was also shown that aroma release is not only influenced by a change in viscosity, but also by interactions between aroma compounds and fat replacers. In this context, CD exhibited a similar ability to interact with aroma compounds as fat, which is desirable for the development of low-fat foods. In the final study (chapter 4), the findings and methods developed in chapters 1-3 of this work, supplemented with additional methods, were used to investigate the effect of fat reduction and CD concentration on a model processed cheese spread (PCS). By replacing 50% of fat completely with CD, the fat content of the PCS could be reduced without causing any significant changes in properties compared to the full-fat version, e.g. in firmness, flowability upon heating and aroma release. CD was determined to be a promising fat replacer, mimicking important properties of fat. Additional correlations, such as those between the parameters of Winter's critical gel theory (gel strength and interaction factor) and spreadability and lubrication properties were identified and can help to further reduce the analytical effort. In conclusion, CD has been confirmed as a promising fat replacer in both liquid and semi-solid food emulsion products. Furthermore, this work contributes to closing the research gap in the instrumental measurement of sensory attributes by outlining correlations, for example, between tribological methods and mouthfeel sensations. Thus, the evaluation tools of this work can help to assess the potential applications of new fat replacers without extensive application and sensory testing which significantly shortens the development time for food manufacturers. In addition, the results contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between fat, fat replacers and aroma compounds in food matrices. This facilitates the systematic development of reduced-fat processed cheese and other dairy- and emulsion-based products which meet consumer preferences and accelerate the trend towards healthy eating.     

模式识别方法在食品智能化感官分析中的应用

本文综述了智能化食品感官分析体系的结构及其实现方案,介绍了相关性分析方法、神经网络、支持向量机等模式识别方法的原理、主要特点、存在问题以及在食品感官分析中的应用,并就模式识别方法在食品智能化感官分析体系构建中的应用研究提出了建议和设想。     

智能感官分析技术在食品风味中的研究进展

食品风味是决定食品品质的关键指标,也是影响消费者购买意向的重要属性。传统的食品风味评价方法依赖于人工感官、智能感官、仪器分析等。仪器分析技术可以定性定量检测食品中特征风味物质,但无法展示食品的味觉和嗅觉等感官信息,不能实现综合评价食品风味品质;人工感官分析可靠性高,但易受主观性影响且再现性差;智能感官分析技术则基于人类感官仿生技术开发,将传感器阵列与数据处理单元以及模式识别系统结合,从而对食品风味进行检测、评价,具有快速检测、操作简便、精密度高、再现性好等优势,备受研究者青睐。本文在简要介绍了电子鼻、电子舌和电子眼等智能感官技术概况的基础上,综述了智能感官技术在食品风味品质评价、食品新鲜度检测、食品真实性鉴别、产地溯源检测及其他检测方面的研究现状,探究了智能感官技术结合仪器分析技术、数据分析方法的研究进展,并讨论了现有研究的局限性及未来研究发展方向,以期为智能感官分析技术在食品风味评价的应用及深入研究提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

Is there a fit in cognitive and sensory evaluation of yogurt? The moderating role of nutrition training

Food selection at a particular occasion is guided by properties of the food itself (sensory or intrinsic properties), but also by the information provided with the food, for example, packaging information (extrinsic properties). We compared preference responses of 71 consumers with a considerable type 2 diabetes risk, who had undergone nutrition counseling in a prevention program, in sensory assessments and product evaluation integrated into Adaptive Conjoint Analysis with the response of a healthy control group (n = 101). Vanilla yogurt, varied in composition (fat content, sugar content, flavor intensity) and packaging information (fat content, sugar content, flavor intensity), was used as stimulus material. Both groups of consumers preferred yogurt with a higher fat content on the basis of sensory evaluation, but rejected products with a higher fat content (10 g/100 g) when this information was available on the package. The degree of rejection was significantly higher for the high risk group. Whereas both groups preferred reduced-sugar yogurt on the basis of declaration, preferences towards the less sweet product were only observed for the high risk group.     

Sensory Analysis: Relevance for Prebiotic,Probiotic, and Synbiotic Product Development

Abstract: Sensory analysis represents a decisive step during the various stages of food product development. For probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic foods, which have shown continuous and significant consumption in the functional food category, the choice of an appropriate technique allows obtaining relevant sensory information that contributes to consumer acceptance. This review focuses on the importance of sensory analytical techniques in prebiotic and probiotic food product development. Examples of the most known sensory methodologies applied to these important functional foods are presented, as well as some considerations about consumer attitudes that can influence acceptance of these products. Moreover, applications of such techniques on functional product evaluation are provided.     

Pulse-based snacks as functional foods: Processing challenges and biological potential

Despite their high nutritional value and potential health benefits, pulse intake has not increased in the last three decades. Several strategies have been implemented to increase pulse consumption, such as their incorporation in bakery products, breakfast cereals, and snacks. The inclusion of pulses in these products could be an alternative to satisfy the consumers’ demand for healthy foods. However, pulse-based snacks face important challenges, including reducing antinutritional factors, achieving consumer acceptance, and consolidating the pulse-based snacks as functional foods. This review summarizes and discusses methods for producing snacks where cereals or tubers were replaced with at least 50% pulses. Also, it briefly assesses their effect on nutritional composition, antinutritional factors, sensory acceptance, and different health benefits evaluations. Extruded snacks exhibited high protein and dietary fiber and low fat content, contrary to the high fat content of deep fat–fried snacks. Meanwhile, baked snacks presented moderate concentrations of protein, dietary fiber, and lipids. Pulses must be pretreated using process combinations such as soaking, dehulling, cooking, fermentation, germination, and extrusion to reduce the antinutritional factors. Pulse-based snacks show good sensory acceptance. However, sensory evaluation should be more rigorous using additional untrained judges. Several studies have evaluated the health benefits of pulse-based snacks. More research is needed to validate scientifically the health benefits associated with their consumption. Pulse-based snacks could be an alternative to improve the nutritional composition of commercially available snacks. The use of pulses as ingredients of healthier snacks represents an important alternative for the food industry due to their low cost, sensory characteristics, high nutritional profile, and environmental benefits.     

食品的质构特性与新产品开发

介绍了在新产品开发中食品质构的构建，以厦开发过程中食品质构的感官评判和仪器分析，并讨论了感官评判结果与仪器分析数据的相关性。食品的质构特性是食品新产品开发中不可忽视的属性，值得研究开发者引起足够的重视。