Milling and physicochemical properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties

BACKGROUND: Physical characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds such as grain size, weight and hull content are important from a milling and marketing point of view. Chemical characteristics provide the information on nutritional status of grains. Chickpea of Desi (cv. A1) and Kabuli (cv. L550) cultivars were analyzed for their physicochemical, milling and milled flour quality characteristics. RESULTS: Between dry and wet milling, higher yield of dhal was obtained from wet milling, which was found to be true in both cultivars. An extra yield of 2–4% was obtained in wet milling. Between the cultivars, Desi was found to be the higher dhal‐yielding cultivar in both dry and wet milling methods. Fat, ash and protein contents were found to be higher in Kabuli than in Desi and the values were respectively 5.3%, 3.5% and 24.9% for Kabuli and 4.3%, 2.2% and 22.6% for Desi. CONCLUSION: The chickpea cultivars Desi and Kabuli vary significantly in their physical properties such as seed color, size, 100‐seed weight and 100‐seed volume. Between the dry and wet milling, a higher yield (2–4%) of dhal was obtained from wet milling. Between the cultivars, electronic nose analysis of chickpea flour indicated the possibility of differentiating the variations associated with varietal difference and milling. The gel electrophoresis pattern of chickpea showed as many as 15 protein bands in flours from both the cultivars, either in phosphate or SDS buffer. The Rapid Visco Analyzer profile did not show a significant difference between the two cultivars. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

High legume-wheat matrices: an alternative to promote bread nutritional value meeting dough viscoelastic restrictions

The significance of grain (chickpea, pea) and oilseed (soybean) legumes on the nutritional and functional added value of wheat breads was assessed in composite matrices (from 18 to 54% of wheat flour replacement). Gluten (from 1 to 5% of wheat flour replacement) and carboxymethylcellulose (from 1 to 5% of wheat flour replacement) were used as structuring agents. The study allowed the identification of the qualitative (chickpea and pea) and quantitative legumes (up to 42% of wheat flour replacement), providing enhancement of nutritional value of sensorially accepted breads. Associated mixtures of legumes-wheat-structuring agents (42:52:6) have proven to make highly nutritious breads in terms of promoted dietary fibre fractions, lower and slower starch hydrolysis, decreased rapidly digestible starch and reduced expected glycaemic index. In addition, viscoelastic restrictions and sensory standards are met.     

Simplex lattice mixture design approach on physicochemical and sensory properties of wheat chips enriched with different legume flours: An optimization study based on sensory properties

In this study, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of wheat chips enriched with different legume flours were investigated. Wheat chips formulations were composed with the mixture of wheat flour and the mixture of three different legume flours (wheat–legume ratio 80:20). Mixture design approach was used to determine the effect of interactions between pea, chickpea and soy flour on the physicochemical and sensory properties of chips produced with wheat–legume flour mixture. In addition, product optimization was carried out by using ridge analysis to determine the optimum legume flour mixture proportions based on sensory properties of chips samples. Chickpea flour was found to be highest desired component depending on the general acceptability scores of chips. Protein content of chips increased significantly with the addition of soy flour. Optimum limit values of chickpea, pea and soy flour in the legume flour mixture used for the enrichment of the wheat chips were found to be 50–100 g/100 g, 0–60 g/100 g and 0–45 g/100 g legume flour, respectively, with respect to sensory properties. Additionally, ridge analysis results showed that the wheat chips should include only chickpea flour in the legume flour fraction to obtain maximum overall preference score (6.08).     

Differential sensitivity of Desi (small‐seeded) and Kabuli (large‐seeded) chickpea genotypes to water stress during seed filling: effects on accumulation of seed reserves and yield

Water stress during the reproductive phase, especially during seed development, is considered detrimental for chickpea yield. In the present study, the relative sensitivity of Desi and Kabuli chickpea types to water stress during seed filling was assessed in terms of effects on quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed yield. Leaves of both types experienced stress injury (evaluated as electrolyte leakage) to the same extent and possessed almost similar values of water potential at the end of 14 days of water stress. The stressed plants of Kabuli type lost more chlorophyll and had less photosynthesis than Desi type. At maturity, Desi type showed more diminution of vegetative dry matter due to stress over control than Kabuli type. On the other hand, Kabuli type showed a proportionally greater reduction in seed weight per plant, average seed weight, average seed size, number of pods (single‐ and double‐seeded) and harvest index. The stressed seeds of Kabuli type showed 48 and 46% reduction over control in starch and protein content compared with 25 and 40%, respectively in Desi type. The accumulation of soluble sugars was relatively greater due to stress in Kabuli (47%) than Desi type (23%). Fat and fiber content declined by 39 and 35% over control in Desi seeds because of stress whereas Kabuli type showed 46 and 67% decreases, respectively. Protein fractions, namely albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins, decreased in stressed seeds of Kabuli by 32, 40, 16 and 15% over control relative to 40, 48, 30 and 28%, respectively, in Kabuli type. The activities of sucrose synthase, invertase and soluble starch synthase were inhibited to a higher extent in Kabuli seeds than Desi seeds under stress. Kabuli seeds showed significantly more reduction in the accumulation of amino acids such as phenylalanine + tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, alanine and histidine and minerals (Ca, P, Fe) due to stress compared with Desi type. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional value of feed grade chickpeas for ruminants and pigs

The feeding value of feed grade chickpeas (Kabuli and Desi type) for ruminants and pigs was determined in two studies. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in the first study to determine the effects of moist heat treatment (127 °C for 10 min) on the ruminal protein degradability of feed grade chickpeas. Heat treatment reduced (P < 0.05) soluble crude protein and increased (P < 0.05) the amount of crude protein associated with neutral detergent fibre for both types of chickpeas. Ruminal degradability of crude protein for Kabuli and Desi chickpeas was reduced by 39 and 33% (P < 0.05) respectively as a result of heating. In the second study, 64 crossbred pigs were each assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments × 2 sexes) design experiment. The experimental barley/wheat‐based diets were supplemented with either soybean meal (control), Kabuli chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹), Desi chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹) or field peas (300 g kg⁻¹). Dry matter and gross energy digestibility coefficients, determined using the indicator method, were lower (P < 0.05) for the Desi‐ than for the Kabuli‐supplemented diet. However, no differences were observed in dry matter or gross energy digestibility between the Kabuli chickpea‐supplemented diet and the control or the field pea‐supplemented diet. Diets supplemented with chickpeas or field peas had a lower (P < 0.05) crude protein digestibility than the control diet. Pigs fed either of the chickpea‐supplemented diets during the growing phase gained less (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. However, during the finishing phase and over the entire experiment, dietary treatment had no effect on pig performance. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed any of the four diets. It was concluded that moist heat treatment is an effective method to increase the rumen escape protein value of chickpeas and that the inclusion of feed grade Kabuli or Desi chickpeas in finishing diets up 300 g kg⁻¹ had no detrimental effects on pig performance. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同品种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊与凝胶特性研究

以不同品种的鹰嘴豆Kabuli和Desi为原料,采用快速黏度仪、质构仪和流变仪研究淀粉糊与凝胶特性的差异。研究表明:Kabuli淀粉在糊化过程中的峰值、谷值、最终黏度等特征值均高于Desi淀粉,而降落值、回值及成糊温度却低于Desi淀粉。Kabuli淀粉的品质优于Desi淀粉,但这2种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊的糊丝均属于短糊系列。在不同热过程中Desi淀粉形成凝胶速度快,强度大;Kabuli淀粉的凝胶强度随温度的变化是可逆的。Kabuli淀粉凝胶破裂强度、弹性模量均小于Desi淀粉凝胶。     

Antinutrients (phytic acid,polyphenols) and minerals (Ca,Fe) availability (in vitro) of chickpea and lentil cultivars

High yielding cultivars of chickpea (Desi and Kabuli) (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens esculenta) were analysed for their total mineral content, per cent availability (in vitro) of minerals and level of antinutrients. Gora Hisari (Kabuli chickpea), Haryana channa (Desi chickpea) and La-12 (lentil) were found superior. These cultivars contain highest per cent availability (in vitro) of calcium and iron and lowest values of phytic acid and polyphenols compared to other cultivan of chickpea and lentil.     

Physicochemical, thermal and functional characterisation of protein isolates from Kabuli and Desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a comparative study with soy (Glycine max) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)

BACKGROUND: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds are a good source of protein that has potential applications in new product formulation and fortification. The main objectives of this study were to analyse the physicochemical, thermal and functional properties of chickpea protein isolates (CPIs) and compare them with those of soy (SPI) and pea (PPI) protein isolates. RESULTS: Extracted CPIs had mean protein contents of 728–853 g kg^?1 (dry weight basis). Analysis of their deconvoluted Fourier transform infrared spectra gave secondary structure estimates of 25.6–32.7% α‐helices, 32.5–40.4% β‐sheets, 13.8–18.9% turns and 16.3–19.2% disordered structures. CPIs from CDC Xena, among Kabuli varieties, and Myles, among Desi varieties, as well as SPI had the highest water‐holding and oil absorption capacities. The emulsifying properties of Kabuli CPIs were superior to those of PPI and Desi CPIs and as good as those of SPI. The heat‐induced gelation properties of CPIs showed a minimum protein concentration required to form a gel structure ranging from 100 to 140 g L^?1. Denaturation temperatures and enthalpies of CPIs ranged from 89.0 to 92.0 °C and from 2.4 to 4.0 J g^?1 respectively. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that most physicochemical, thermal and functional properties of CPIs compare favourably with those of SPI and are better than those of PPI. Hence CPI may be suitable as a high‐quality substitute for SPI in food applications. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Extraction and characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) albumin and globulin

ABSTRACT:  Albumin and globulin fractions of 1 Desi and 2 Kabuli varieties of chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum ) were extracted with water and salt solutions (K₂SO₄ and NaCl). The extractable yields and particularly the albumin-globulin ratio varied greatly with the extraction medium and chickpea variety. Depending on the procedure employed, albumin could be extracted as a major fraction of chickpea proteins. Higher levels of essential amino acids and sulfur containing amino acids were found in albumins than in globulins of all chickpeas investigated. The common structural characteristics of both Kabuli and Desi chickpea albumins and globulins were clearly identified by densitometric profiles of their sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel patterns. Albumins contained subunits with higher molecular weights than those of globulins. The in vitro digestibility of the chickpea proteins by papain, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin indicated that globulins were more susceptible to proteolytic hydrolysis.     

Effect of durum flour enrichment with chickpea flour on the characteristics of dough and lasagne

The ability of chickpea flour to enrich pasta products (e.g. lasagne) was studied. In addition, the influence of protein and other components upon the rheological properties of the dough and the cooking quality of the wheat–chickpea blends was determined. Supplementing lasagne with 5–20% w/w chickpea flour improves the physical characteristics of dough, which achieves optimum strength and extensible properties thus allowing the lasagne to maintain a firm and elastic form. Organoleptic properties (colour, flavour and overall acceptability) improved with a low proportion of chickpea flour, especially for 5% w/w substitution. For supplementation ≥ 30%, while the content of the total protein increased along with the level of fortification, lasagne processing, handling and cooking characteristics deteriorated proportionally. This could be attributed primarily to the gluten fraction, which decreases upon being diluted by the added chickpea protein. The rheological properties of high supplemented dough products (30–50% w/w) have low extensograph values and the lasagne obtained has a brown colour and a soft mushy taste that is unacceptable to consumers. So, durum wheat flour can carry 5–10% (w/w) of chickpea flour and still meet the specification of pasta products in terms of firmness, cooking quality and sensory evaluation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

豌豆蛋白面包的制作工艺优化及其品质

为了拓宽豌豆蛋白的产品范围,满足食品营养多样化的需求,本文研制一种在传统面包中添加豌豆蛋白粉的新型面包。以小麦粉为主要原料,辅以豌豆蛋白粉、大豆油、鸡蛋、奶粉、糖、盐、酵母与黄油等辅料,研制豌豆蛋白面包。以感官评价为指标,运用单因素实验和响应面分析法优化了豌豆蛋白面包的制作工艺条件,并对其品质进行评价。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:豌豆蛋白粉添加量8%,酵母添加量1.5%,糖添加量8%,发酵时间60 min。此条件下制得的面包的感官评分为82分,水分含量35.8%,酸度值3.23,比容3.35 mL/g,持水性98.2%,口感得分20分,香味得分17分。因此,优化的工艺条件合理、可行,豌豆蛋白面包具有较好品质特性。     

鹰嘴豆粉对面条品质及血糖生成指数的影响

为提高鹰嘴豆的应用范围和经济价值,本文将不同添加量（0%、10%、20%、30%和40%）的鹰嘴豆粉与小麦粉混合制作面条,通过测定面条的质构品质、蒸煮品质、微观结构及血糖生成指数（GI）等指标,探讨鹰嘴豆粉对面条加工品质和功能品质的影响。结果表明,鹰嘴豆粉的添加量在0%~20%范围内,对面条的质构品质、蒸煮品质和微观结构无明显影响变化;相反,添加量在20%~40%范围内,面条的质构品质、蒸煮品质均显著下降,微观结构遭到明显破坏,较高添加量的鹰嘴豆粉使面条的加工品质劣变。体外酶法测定GI值结果为:0%、10%、20%、30%和40%添加量的鹰嘴豆粉面条GI值分别是76.97±0.49、67.19±0.84、64.95±0.71、63.24±0.29和61.84±0.55,均属于中GI食品。灌胃小鼠餐后血糖排序从高到低依次为,小麦粉面条>10%添加量鹰嘴豆粉面条>20%添加量鹰嘴豆粉面条>30%添加量鹰嘴豆粉面条>40%添加量鹰嘴豆粉面条,和体外酶法试验结果相符合。综上,低于20%添加量的鹰嘴豆粉可使面条的加工品质得到改善,同时鹰嘴豆粉的添加能够显著降低淀粉的消化特性,为患有糖尿病等特殊人群膳食提供了更多选择。     

鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干研制及品质分析表征

目的为开发一款低糖、低脂、富含氨基酸和膳食纤维的功能性饼干。方法以低筋粉、鹰嘴豆、全麦粉、玉米油等原料研制鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干,以感官评分为评定指标经单因素和正交试验优化得到最优配方。采用质构仪和低场核磁共振分析表征了不同组分条件下鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干的内在结构和水分分布情况。结果通过正交实验优化了鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干配方为：鹰嘴豆粉17.5%、全麦粉30%+低筋粉70%、木糖醇25%、玉米油22.5%。在此配方下制得的鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干感官评分最高且硬度、脆性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均高于其他试验组。结论本研究为膳食纤维功能饼干研发与生产提供理论参考。     

Rheological changes during thermal processing of low-fat meat emulsions formulated with different texture-modifying ingredients

The rheological behaviour of high-fat (22%) and low-fat (8%) meat emulsions during thermal processing in the presence (3%) of various texture-modifying non-meat ingredients, namely maltodextrin, starch, wheat flour, egg white and apple fibre, was analysed. Rheological properties of emulsions were assessed using non-destructive measurements (thermal scanning rigidity monitor, TSRM). The lower the fat content, the lower were the rigidity values of meat emulsions throughout the temperature range studied. Emulsions made with maltodextrin proved less rigid. Addition of starch and egg white favoured the formation of more rigid structures in low-fat meat emulsions at temperatures over 55 °C. Low-fat meat batters containing wheat flour and apple fibre exhibited the highest rigidity values over the given temperature range. The presence of wheat flour caused variations in the modulus of rigidity at all stages of the thermal gelation process, very similar to those observed in high-fat emulsions.     

The effect of pea (Pisum sativum L.)‐originated asparaginase on acrylamide formation in certain bread types

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pea (Pisum sativum L.)‐originated asparaginase on acrylamide formation in white wheat, wheat bran and whole‐grain wheat breads. Two‐day germinated pea flour was used at 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% levels for each bread type. Acrylamide analysis was performed with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Besides, colour and sensory properties of the breads were evaluated to search out the effects of pea flour substitution on the consumer acceptance. Reduction of acrylamide in white wheat bread was not found significant and addition of pea flour decreased the acceptance. However, it was found that acrylamide level can be reduced by 57% and 68% with addition of 5% pea flour in wheat bran and whole‐grain breads, respectively, without any negative impact on colour and sensory properties.     

Chemical, nutritional and sensory properties of bread supplemented with lupin seed (Lupinus albus) products

Sweet lupin Lupinus albus seed flour (SLSF), two sweet lupin protein isolates (SLPI-I and SLPI-II) and sweet lupin seed protein concentrate (SLSPC) were added to wheat flour (WF) in an amount of 3, 6, 9 and 12% of wheat flour. The effects of lupin products supplementation on physical dough properties were studied using a Brabender farinograph. Loaves were prepared from the various blends using the straight dough procedure and then evaluated for volume, crust and crumb colour, crumb texture, flavour and overall quality. Water absorption, development time and dough weakening were significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the lupin product levels increased in all doughs; however, dough stability decreased. Lupin products could be added to WF up to 9% level (SLPI-I and SLPI-II) and 6% level (for other lupin products), without any observed detrimental effect on bread sensory properties. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were recorded in loaf volume between control and breads containing SLPI-I and II (up to 9% level) and SLSPC (up to 3% level). Addition of lupin products increased the content of protein and total essential amino acids, especially lysine. The addition also improved in-vitro protein digestibility.     

鹰嘴豆肽、大豆肽功能性质的研究

研究对比了鹰嘴豆肽和大豆肽的水解度、抗氧化性、吸油性、吸湿及保湿性等功能特性的差异,以及蛋白酶种类对肽产物功能性质的影响。结果表明,①酶Ⅱ(Protease from Bacillus sp.)制备的蛋白肽抗氧化性和吸油能力最好,且在低湿度下的吸湿性和高湿度下的保湿性也最好;酶Ⅲ(Papain from papaya latex)制备的蛋白肽水解度最高;酶Ⅰ(Protease fromAspergillus melleus)制备的蛋白肽在不同湿度条件下都有较好的吸湿性能。②大豆肽的水解度和抗氧化能力比鹰嘴豆肽好。③Desi肽吸油能力最强,在抗氧化性上仅次于大豆肽,高低湿度环境下都有很好的保湿能力,其中Desi肽Ⅱ这些特征最为明显。④Kabuli肽在不同湿度条件下的吸湿和保湿能力都较好。     

Comparison of sprout quality characteristics of desi and kabuli type chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of germination time on comparative sprout quality characteristics (proximate composition, ascorbic acid, phytic acid, invitro protein digestibility, protein solubility and sensory properties) was investigated. Sprouting significantly increased (P<0.01) the moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ascorbic acid contents and decreased nitrogen free extract (NFE). Phytic acid was reduced (P<0.01) with sprouting, but more pronouncedly so in the case of Kabuli type (73% reduction) than in desi type (32% reduction). In-vitro protein digestibility (IVDP) and protein solubility improved significantly (P<0.01) with increase in sprouting time. The overall sensory scores increased with the first (24 h) sprouting interval and then decreased. However, the acceptability scores for both chickpea types remained within the acceptable range (>5.0). Although, organoleptically the desi type chickpea sprouts were preferred over Kabuli type, the nutritional improvement due to sprouting was more pronounced in Kabuli chickpeas than their desi counterparts. Due to overall superior sprout quality, the kabuli type was more suitable for sprouting purposes.     

Proximate composition and antinutritive substances in chickpea (cicer arietinum L) as affected by the biotype factor

A study was made of both Desi (16 cultivars) and Kabuli (21 cultivars) chickpea biotypes grown under the same environmental conditions in order to evaluate the influence of the biotype factor as source of variance of the proximate composition and antinutritive substances content. Differences were found between the two biotypes for fat, total dietary fibre (TDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), phytic acid and tannin content. Desi biotypes revealed lower fat and phytic acid contents, whereas Kabuli biotypes showed lower TDF, IDF and tannin content. Differences in coat thickness, as reported in the literature, are confirmed as a source of differences between the two biotypes in the fat, TDF, IDF, phytic acid and tannin content. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Rice bran-soy blends as protein supplements in cookies

The effect of incorporating one of three stabilized full-fat rice brans in combination with each of four soy ingredients in a sugar-snap cookie was investigated. The four soy ingredients in a sugar-snap cookie were two soyflours (full-fat and defatted), a soy concentrate and a soy isolate. Rice bran and soy were added in place of wheat flour to increase protein content from 6% to a minimum of 9%, and the cookies were compared with each other and with a 100% wheat flour cookie. Quality characteristics evaluated included protein, spread, physical texture and colour, and sensory preference by ranking for colour, crispness and flavour. In general, the rice bran-soy cookies had less spread (even with added shortening, water and emulsifier), were less crisp and more chewy, and were somewhat darker in colour than the 100% wheat flour cookie. The soy isolate, USDA and Protex 20-S cookies were as acceptable in colour, crispness and flavour as the control.