提取方法对百里香精油化学成分和抗氧化活性的影响

本文分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法（SD）、同时蒸馏萃取法（SDE）、冷等离子体辅助提取法（CPAE）从百里香叶片中提取精油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析了三种精油中的挥发性成分,测定其精油中的总酚、总黄酮、花青素含量,通过DPPH?、ABTS+?、总抗氧化能力三个抗氧化指标评估了其体外抗氧化性,并将精油中的主要活性成分与抗氧化能力进行相关性分析,比较得出得率更高、抗氧化性更好的提取方法。结果表明,不同提取方法在精油得率上有显著性差异（P<0.05）,SDE法的精油得率最高,达到了1.30%。经GC-MS分析,三种精油共检出了36种组分,主要成分均为2-茨醇（32.194%~32.515%）、香芹酚（17.265%~19.998%）、百里香酚（13.031%~15.202%）和α-松油醇（11.296%~12.012%）,其中,SDE法和CPAE法比SD法制备得到的精油在以上活性成分上含量更高。在总酚、总黄酮、花青素的测定结果中,SDE法制备得到的精油中总酚和花青素含量更高,分别为133.67±0.20 mg GA/g EO、0.32±0.02 mg/g EO,CPAE法制得的精油总黄酮含量最高,达到了54.82 mg Rutin/g EO。在体外抗氧化性实验中,三种精油在实验浓度范围内对各项抗氧化指标都表现出较强的抗氧化性和明显的量效关系,其中,SDE法获得的精油对于自由基的清除效果更佳,在最高实验浓度下清除率均在96%以上。通过抗氧化相关性分析发现,百里香精油的抗氧化活性与酚类等物质的含量密切相关。综上,从各项实验结果来看,SDE法是一种更为可取的提取百里香精油的方法。     

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF SALVIA VERBENACA L. GROWING WILD IN TUNISIA

The essential oil of aerial parts of Salvia verbenaca L., collected in three different locations in Tunisia, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry. The oil yields of dried plants (w/w) were 0.09, 0.10 and 0.12% in Sabelet Ben Ammar, Sers and Somaa, respectively. Seventy-seven compounds were identified. The monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes had the highest contributions. The major constituents in Sabelet Ben Ammar were viridiflorol (21.8%), camphene (17.6%), methyl eugenol (9.4%) and β-caryophyllene (7.1%), while those of essential oil collected from Somaa, were tricyclene (18.8%), nonane (10.3%), methyl eugenol (7.7%) and terpinolene (7.3%). In samples collected from Sers, essential oil consists mainly of (Z)-β-ocimene (29.5%), β-phellandrene (8.2%), β-thujone (7.9%) and α-pinene (5.5%).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this study, it has been found that the oils of wild-growing Salvia verbenaca L. in Tunisia are rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons with great economical values. The plant family Labiatae contains several species with potential therapeutic activity due to their essential oils. Pharmacology, pharmaceutical botany, medical and clinical microbiology, phytopathology and food preservation are some fields in which essential oils can be applied. Many Salvia spp. are used as herbal tea and for food flavoring, as well as in cosmetics, perfumery and the pharmaceutical industry. It has shown that essential oil of S. verbenaca have strong antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory activities and peripheral analgesic properties.     

Biological activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum resin essential oil: effects of extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional methods

The findings of this study suggests that chemical composition, essential oil yield, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin essential oils extracted by hydro distillation, steam distillation and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide methods vary greatly from each other. The optimum essential oil yield was obtained using hydro distillation method (8.18 ± 0.15 %). The essential oils isolated through different extraction methods contained remarkable amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids. Essential oil isolated through supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction exhibited better antioxidant activity with highest free radical scavenging potential (96.16 ± 1.57 %), inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation (94.18 ± 1.47 %) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging potential (68.25 ± 1.02 %). Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils was performed through well diffusion, resazurin microtiter plate and micro dilution broth assay assays. The essential oil isolated through steam distillation method revealed highest antimicrobial activity with maximum inhibition zone (24.21 ± 0.34 to12.08 ± 0.30 mm) and least MIC values (35.18 ± 0.77 to 281.46 ± 7.03 µg/mL). The comparison of chemical composition of essential oils isolated at different extraction methods have shown that the concentration of α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, m-cymene and cis-verbenol was higher in steam distilled essential oil as compared to hydro and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extracted essential oils. These compounds may be responsible for the higher antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin steam distilled essential oil.     

Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. obtained by hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction methods

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a perennial herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as a food flavouring agent, and well known medicinally for its powerful antimutagenic, antibacterial and chemopreventive properties. Essential oils were obtained from this plant by hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME). GC–MS analyses of the oils revealed the presence of 24 and 21 compounds in the essential oils obtained through HD and SFME, respectively. The total yield of the volatile fractions obtained through HD and SFME was 0.31% and 0.39%, respectively. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene-4-ol, linalool, α-terpeneol (28.6%) were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD (26.98%). However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans β-ocimene, γ-terpenene, and cis sabinene hydrate (32.95%) than SFME extracted oil (25.77%). The essential oils obtained using the two methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg ml⁻¹. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.23 mg ml⁻¹ and 7.5 mg ml^−1.     

辛夷挥发油GC-MS分析及其抗氧化、抗菌活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏（hydrodistillation,HD）法、同时蒸馏萃取（simultaneous distillation extraction,SDE）法、静态顶空（static headspace,SH）法3 种方法对辛夷挥发油进行提取,通过气相色谱结合标准品获得保留指数,气相色谱-质谱联用结合数据库检索进行定性,确定不同方法提取的挥发油的成分和相对含量,并采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除法、普鲁士蓝法和新铜试剂法比较HD法和SDE法挥发油的抗氧化能力,以及滤纸片扩散法和96 孔板法测定抗菌活性。结果表明,3 种方法共鉴定出66 种化学成分,其中17 种共有成分。从HD法和SDE法挥发油中分别鉴定出47 种和43 种化合物,SH法对辛夷粉末分析检测到26 种化合物。其中,HD和SDE提取的化合物成分较接近,而SH法获得的挥发成分最少,三者相同成分的相对含量也存在较大差异。HD法和SDE法挥发油均表现出一定的抗氧化活性,对供试菌（金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特氏菌、大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌）均有抑制作用,对其中的革兰氏阴性菌的抑制效果较好。辛夷挥发油的抗氧化和抗菌研究显示其具有药学研究价值和作为食品天然抗菌剂和食品防腐剂的潜能。     

Effect of extraction techniques on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris leaf oils

 The volatile oil compositions of Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris leaves obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and supercritical fluid extraction methods (SFE) were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by GLC-MS. Ninety different components were separated and most of them identified. In both extracts the main constituents were found to be β-phellandrene (8.94 and 4.09%), p–cymene (24.01 and 10.61%), cryptone (12.71 and 9.82%) and spathulenol (14.43 and 13.14%). The yield of the monoterpene hydrocarbons in HD oil (0.288 g/100 g fresh leaves) was slightly higher compared with that in the SFE extract (0.242 g/100 g fresh leaves). The SFE extract possessed higher concentrations of the sesquiterpenes, light oxygenated compounds and heavy oxygenated compounds than the HD oil. The relationship between the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the extracted oils was investigated. The significant amounts of p–cymen-7-ol and thymol are responsible for the antioxidative activity of both extracts. The concentration of both compounds, but especially that of p–cymen-7-ol (2.25%), is higher in the SFE extract. This corresponds with the higher antioxidative activity of the SFE compared with the HD extract. p–Cymen-7-ol, a compound newly identified in leaves of Eucalyptus species, exhibited superior antioxidant activity in comparison with that of butylated hydroxyanisole. Received: 30 April 1998     

Comparison of two isolation methods for essential oil from rosemary leaves: Hydrodistillation and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity

Traditional hydrodistillation (HD) and innovative Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) methods have been compared and evaluated for their effectiveness in the isolation of essential oil from fresh Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. The microwave method offers important advantages over traditional alternatives, namely: shorter isolation times (15 min against 3 h for hydrodistillation), environmental impact (energy cost is fairly higher to perform HD than that required for rapid MHG isolation), cleaner features (as no residue generation and no water or solvent used), increases antimicrobial activities, increases antioxidant activity and provides a more valuable essential oil (with high amount of oxygenated compounds). It offers also the possibility for a better reproduction of natural aroma of the essential oil from rosemary leaves than the HD essential oil. Moreover, microwave procedure yielded essential oils that could be analysed or used directly without any clean-up, solvent exchange or centrifugation steps. Scanning electron microscopy shows important structural changes for MHG extraction in contrast to those obtained by HD. Electron micrographs show clearly that the cells are broken and damaged during microwave treatment. Finally, the mechanism of Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity is proposed and discussed.     

Effect of extraction techniques on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris leaf oils

 The volatile oil compositions of Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris leaves obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and supercritical fluid extraction methods (SFE) were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by GLC-MS. Ninety different components were separated and most of them identified. In both extracts the main constituents were found to be β-phellandrene (8.94 and 4.09%), p–cymene (24.01 and 10.61%), cryptone (12.71 and 9.82%) and spathulenol (14.43 and 13.14%). The yield of the monoterpene hydrocarbons in HD oil (0.288 g/100 g fresh leaves) was slightly higher compared with that in the SFE extract (0.242 g/100 g fresh leaves). The SFE extract possessed higher concentrations of the sesquiterpenes, light oxygenated compounds and heavy oxygenated compounds than the HD oil. The relationship between the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the extracted oils was investigated. The significant amounts of p–cymen-7-ol and thymol are responsible for the antioxidative activity of both extracts. The concentration of both compounds, but especially that of p–cymen-7-ol (2.25%), is higher in the SFE extract. This corresponds with the higher antioxidative activity of the SFE compared with the HD extract. p–Cymen-7-ol, a compound newly identified in leaves of Eucalyptus species, exhibited superior antioxidant activity in comparison with that of butylated hydroxyanisole.     

Hake proteins edible films incorporated with essential oils: Physical,mechanical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties

Physical, mechanical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of hake protein films incorporated with citronella, coriander, tarragon and thyme oils were investigated. Dried hake proteins were solubilized at pH 11.0 (protein concentration in film forming solution ca. 0.9%) and glycerol (59% w/w of protein) and 0.25 ml of each essential oil per gram of protein was added. Films obtained were homogeneous and transparent with a yellowish colour. The addition of the different essential oils reduced the water vapour permeability but increased the solubility of films in water. The amount of protein released from the films depended on the oil added. Among all essential oils incorporated-films the thyme oil films exhibited the lowest mechanical properties (puncture force and elongation at break). Conversely, films with thyme oil added presented the highest inhibition against Shewanella putrefaciens. Antioxidant activity of hake protein films generally increased with the incorporation of essential oils as indicated by DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power.     

佛手果皮精油的提取工艺优化及其成分与抗氧化活性分析

本研究采用纤维素酶辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取法提取佛手果皮精油,在以酶解pH、酶添加量、酶解温度及酶解时间作为单因素分析的基础上,通过Box-Behnken响应面设计法进行提取工艺优化。利用气相色谱-质谱(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)法分析提取的精油的化学组成,最后以ABTS⁺·和DPPH·清除率为指标,评价佛手果皮精油的抗氧化活性。结果表明,佛手果皮精油最佳提取工艺为:酶解pH5.2、酶添加量0.7%、酶解温度52℃、酶解时间2.1 h,此条件下精油得率为3.11%。从提取的果皮精油中共鉴定出42种化合物,其中乙酸芳樟酯的相对含量最高(14.72%),其次为d-柠檬烯(14.58%)、芳樟醇(8.89%)。抗氧化活性研究结果显示:该法提取的佛手果皮精油在试验浓度范围内具有良好的抗氧化活性,并呈现明显量效关系。当精油浓度为40 mg/mL时,其对ABTS⁺·的清除率为91.20%;浓度达70 mg/mL时,其对DPPH·的清除率达93.19%。此优化工艺精油得率高,且佛手果皮精油其可作为天然抗...     

The influence of harvest time on essential oil composition,phenolic constituents and antioxidant properties of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this research was to determine essential oil composition, phenolic constituents and antioxidant properties of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) leaves harvested during the months of June to September. RESULT: The maximum essential oil yield in the leaves appeared in the middle of July. The main components of oregano oil were carvacrol, thymol, γ‐terpinene, p‐cymene, α‐terpinene and α‐pinene. Carvacrol was highest in the July harvest. The maximum extract yield was found in September. Oil distilled from early‐season (June) harvested leaves had the highest antioxidant ability, expressed as low concentration providing 50% inhibition of free radical scavenging activity and high levels of reducing/antioxidant capacity. Twelve phenolic compounds of oregano extract were identified and the main components were found to be rosmarinic acid and acecetin. The maximum rosmarinic acid and acecetin were found in harvests of July and June, respectively. Total phenolic contents, free radical scavenging activities and reducing/antioxidant capacities were found to be highest in the July harvest. DISCUSSION: All yields, chemical compositions, free radical scavenging activities and reducing/antioxidant capacities of extracts and essential oils of Turkish oregano changed importantly depending on vegetative periods of growing season. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of different drying methods on the essential oil yield,composition and antioxidant activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Origanum vulgare</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Origanum onites</Emphasis> L.

Origanum onites and Origanum vulgare are important medicinal plants because of their flavoring, therapeutic, and preservative properties. Drying methods are important for obtaining high quality essential oil from spices. In this study, the effects of different drying processes on the essential oil yield, composition, and antiradical activity were evaluated. Plants were dried under sun light, in a ventilated shady place and in laboratory-type oven, and the oils were extracted with Clevenger type apparatus. Carvacrol and thymol were the major compounds in the essential oils of O. vulgare and O. onites, respectively. The highest oil yield and the highest antioxidant activity values were obtained from shade dried Origanum species followed by oven dried plants. The lowest essential oil yield and the lowest antioxidant activity for O. vulgare were found in fresh plants. The lowest essential oil yield, and the lowest antioxidant activity for O. onites belonged to sun dried plants. It could be concluded that essential oil yield, oil composition and antioxidant activity of both plants were greatly affected by the drying method.     

紫苏不同部位精油成分及体外抗氧化能力的比较研究

采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取紫苏不同部位(叶、花蕾、梗和籽)精油,利用气相色谱-质谱法对精油成分进行分析,并比较不同部位精油体外抗氧化能力。结果表明：紫苏叶精油得率相对最高,达到8.21‰。从紫苏叶、花蕾、梗和籽精油中依次鉴定出40、53、29和26种组分,分别占各自精油总量的99.85%、99.25%、96.73%和97.51%。不同部位精油成分和相对含量差异显著,共有组分仅5种,分别是2-己酰呋喃、4-(2-甲基环己烯)-2-丁烯醛、石竹烯、芳樟醇和石竹素,其中相对含量最高的组分均是2-己酰呋喃。紫苏不同部位精油均具有一定的抗氧化能力,紫苏叶精油清除DPPH自由基的能力较强,紫苏籽精油清除羟自由基的能力较强。     

二氧化碳膨胀乙醇提取香樟精油的工艺研究

本研究尝试采用一种新型的绿色溶剂二氧化碳膨胀乙醇(CO2-Expanded Ethanol, CXE)从香樟叶中提取精油,并在精油的化学组成,抗氧化活性和抑菌活性方面,与常规的水蒸气蒸馏(HD)、有机溶剂提取(OSE)以及超临界二氧化碳提取(SFE)进行综合对比研究。结果表明,CXE提取油的得率为1.35%,高于超临界二氧化碳提取油的1.14%。气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析结果显示,CXE提取油中含氧单萜类化合物较少,而倍半萜烯类化合物高于其他三种方法提取油,含量为2.49%。抗氧化活性试验结果表明,CXE提取油对DPPH自由基的清除率为82.42%,对ABTS自由基的清除能力为85.88%,活性均高于其它三种方法提取油。通过微量稀释法测定了精油抑菌活性,CXE提取油对白色念珠菌的MIC值为39 μg/mL,对黑曲霉的MIC值为19.5 μg/mL,表明CXE提取油对真菌呈现较高的抑制活性。综上所述,CXE提取过程隔氧、低温,可开发成为一种提取高品质植物精油的新方法,具有一定的应用前景。     

GC-MS分析新疆4种薄荷挥发油化学成分及其生物活性的比较研究

以水蒸气蒸馏法提取薄荷、亚洲薄荷、留兰香、唇萼薄荷的挥发油,利用气相色谱四极杆飞行时间质谱双柱分析定性,利用气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器分析定量。同时,测定4种薄荷挥发油对DPPH自由基与ABTS+自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC50),采用微量稀释法评估4种薄荷挥发油抗菌活性,结果表明:薄荷挥发油主要成分为薄荷醇(70.51%),唇萼薄荷挥发油主成分为胡薄荷酮(69.30%),辣薄荷烯酮氧化物(62.57%)是亚洲薄荷的主要成分,香芹酮(74.00%)为留兰香挥发油的主要成分。4种薄荷属植物间种类差异与其挥发油组成有关。4种不同品种的薄荷挥发油均有较好的抗氧化活性,对菌株(白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)具有较好的抗菌活性。     

提取方式对接骨木籽油品质的影响

目的：比较冷榨法、索式提取法、亚临界丁烷萃取法对接骨木籽油得率、理化指标、脂肪酸组成以及体外抗氧化活性的影响。方法：以接骨木籽为原料,采用冷榨法、索式提取法和亚临界丁烷萃取法3种方式提取接骨木籽油,参考国家标准测定其理化指标与体外抗氧化活性,并利用GC-MS联用技术分析其脂肪酸组成。结果：3种提取方式中,亚临界丁烷萃取法的得油率最高(28.8%),索式提取法次之(27.6%),冷榨法最低(18.8%);亚临界丁烷萃取法所得的接骨木籽油的酸价和过氧化值最低,碘值最高;3种不同提取方式所得的接骨木籽油脂肪酸组成相似,主要成分为亚麻酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸,但含量存在一定差异,亚临界丁烷萃取法所得的接骨木籽油的亚麻酸含量最高,为46.94%;3种提取方式所得的接骨木籽油均具有良好的抗氧化活性,但亚临界丁烷萃取法的DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基清除能力高于冷榨法与索式提取法。结论：不同提取方法对接骨木籽油的品质存在一定影响,亚临界丁烷萃取法对接骨木籽油有较高提取率,所得油脂品质较好,是提取接骨木籽油的理想方法。     

基于气相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱的四种植物精油成分分析及其抗氧化活性评价

采用气相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱联用仪（GC-Orbitrap-MS）对不同来源的辣椒精油、姜黄精油、香茅精油和小茴香精油的成分进行确定,通过谱库比对的正/反向匹配度和保留指数（retention index,RI）,共同确证未知化合物,峰面积归一化法计算相对含量,同时运用电子鼻技术对植物精油进行快速鉴别,测定DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率及总抗氧化能力,比较其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:辣椒精油鉴定出33种化合物,主要成分为辣椒碱类化合物;姜黄精油鉴定出95种化合物,主要成分为姜烯、长叶烯等倍半萜化合物;香茅精油鉴定出137种化合物,主要成分为香茅醛、香茅醇、丁香烯等;小茴香精油鉴定出56种化合物,主要成分为反式茴香脑。电子鼻可对不同来源精油进行快速区分,经电子鼻雷达图分析表明W1W、W2W和W5S三个传感器对区别不同来源的精油挥发性成分发挥了关键作用。根据DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率和铁离子还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）检测结果,抗氧化活性从强到弱依次为姜黄精油,香茅精油,辣椒精油,小茴香精油,以来源三的姜黄精油抗氧化活性最强,DPPH、ABTS自由基的半数清除率以及FRAP值分别为1020.99 μL/L、464 μL/L、44.72 μmol Trolox/mL。GC-Orbitrap-MS分析技术可对植物精油的挥发性成分进行全面分析,为植物精油在食品行业中的深入开发提供理论依据。     

三种香茅精油的化学成分及体外抗氧化和抗炎活性评价

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）测定爪哇香茅（Cymbopogon winteranus）、柠檬草（C. citratus）和芸香草（C. distans）三种植物精油的化学成分,并通过DPPH法及炎症因子NO生成量检测法评价这三种植物精油的抗氧化活性和抗炎活性。结果表明,三种香茅属植物精油化学成分以萜类物质为主,含量为76.35%~90.52%,其中萜醛、萜醇类物质含量最高。爪哇香茅、柠檬草和芸香草的主要成分分别为（+）-香茅醛（37.85%）、反式柠檬醛（36.12%）和香叶醇（34.76%）;三种香茅属植物精油的DPPH自由基清除能力呈一定的剂量依赖性,但与阳性对照抗坏血酸(IC₅₀值为(0.005±0.002) mg/mL)相比,抗氧化活性较差;在较低浓度（2~4 μg/mL）时,香茅属植物精油减少LPS致炎模型的NO生成能力与10 μmol/L地塞米松（Dexamethasone,Dex）相当,表明这三种香茅属植物精油具有良好的抗炎活性,其中柠檬草（IC₅₀值为（0.472±0.121） μg/mL）的抗炎活性最好,其次为爪哇香茅（IC₅₀值为（0.632±0.147） μg/mL）和芸香草（IC₅₀值为（0.669±0.131） μg/mL）。因此,三种香茅属植物精油具有较大的开发潜力开发成抗炎药物和抗炎功能产品。     

Antioxidant Activities of the Supercritical and Conventional Satureja montana Extracts

ABSTRACT:  The antioxidant activities of the volatile and the nonvolatile fractions from  Satureja montana  obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and by conventional techniques, hydrodistillation (HD) and soxhlet extraction (SE), were compared. A good agreement between DPPH and rancimat methods was obtained showing that the extracts were able to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit lipid oxidation. The volatile oil (obtained by SFE at 90 bar/40 °C) was the most effective extract, presenting the lowest EC₅₀ (0.06 g/L) and the highest protector factor (PF = 2.03). These results demonstrated the advantages of SFE over conventional techniques by avoiding thermodegradation and hydrolysis reactions. Furthermore, volatile oil is 15 times richer in thymoquinone than the essential oil (HD). This compound is of great importance due to its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer activities. The combination of carvacrol + thymol + thymoquinone in volatile oil may be responsible for the increase in the antioxidant activity when compared to HD, which demonstrates that, in this case, SFE improves value to the final product.     

Determination of Chemical Composition,Total Phenolic,Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Echinophora tenuifolia Essential Oil

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, total phenolic content, and essential oil composition of Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana were investigated. The antioxidant activity of investigated essential oil was assessed by ABTS and DPPH assays. DPPH radical scavenging activity expressed by IC₅₀ was 2.84 g/L, whereas the TEAC value determined by ABTS assay was 0.032 g TEAC/kg plant. Total phenol content of essential oil determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method was calculated as 1.32 g GAE/kg plant. The essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) was investigated by GC-MS technique and 78 compounds were identified. The main components of essential oils were found to be δ-3-carene (17.93%), p-cymene (8.99%), methyleugenol (16.41%), and α-phellandrene (9.33%). The antimicrobial activity of investigated essential oil was tested using a broth dilution method against 13 bacterial and 2 fungal microorganisms. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil against Bacillus cereus was 62.5 μg/mL while the antifungal activity was greater than 1000 μg/mL for both Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cereviciae. Investigated essential oil has a certain level of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, which may be attributed to their chemical compounds. The antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil, especially against Bacillus cereus and Staphylocoocus spp., offers its effectiveness to treatment of wound or disease caused by Gram positive bacteria.