融冰洪水演进的马斯京根模型

为解决参数率定过程复杂的问题,将河段内的融冰产生的流量视为河段下断面出流的一部分,构建出适用于文开河融冰时期洪水演进的马斯京根模型,并将优化算法应用到模型参数率定的过程中。以黄河宁蒙河段为例,采用试错法、非线性规划法和智能算法中的遗传算法这3种方法对所构建的模型参数进行率定。模拟结果表明:3种方法所模拟的出流过程线均合格;整体上,非线性规划法模拟的精度最高,其洪水的确定性系数D_c为0.980,过程平均相对误差RE为4.840%;而试错法模拟的洪峰流量更为准确,且冰期模拟精度高于无冰期。本研究为融冰洪水演进的模拟提供了一种新方法。     

黄河宁蒙河段冰期洪水波运动过程中的变形分析

河道中冰盖的存在会影响到洪水波的演进变形。以黄河宁蒙河段为研究对象,将马斯京根法尝试应用于冰期洪水计算,分析了马斯京根法参数与糙率的关系,比较了冰盖冻结增厚和融化减薄过程对洪水波变形的影响差异。研究结果表明,将马斯京根法应用于冰期洪水计算是可行的;断面的糙率越大,洪水波传播时间越久,变形越大;冰盖冻结增厚过程中,洪水波的变形存在先增加再减少而后又增加的现象;冰盖融化减薄过程中,洪水波随冰厚的减薄而变形增大。相同冰厚下,两种过程的变形程度存在交点。交点之前的冰厚范围,冰盖融化减薄时的洪水波变形更大;交点之后的冰厚范围,冰盖冻结增厚时的洪水波变形更大。     

冰期河流弯道冰水动力学行为研究

以黄河什四份子弯道为研究对象,基于2019-2020年度的凌情监测影像及现场试验数据,分析了河流弯道冰水动力学行为特征。结果表明:上宽下窄的河道形态是造成弯道卡冰的主要原因,流凌-封河阶段,弯顶节点工程对水流的顶托作用促进了上游回流区的形成;受弯道离心力作用,河冰聚集于河道凹岸一侧,并在回流区堆积形成冰桥,从而缩小了断面过冰面积,河道逐渐封冻;弯顶下游流速大且来冰量少,形成清沟,主流向河中发展;冰塞堆积于弯顶上游凹岸主河槽内,水流被挤压至凸岸非冰塞区,弯道主流易位;在稳封期,河道冰水动力特征基本不再变化,在解冻开河期,凸岸非冰塞区流速较大,主流区冰盖优先解冻且沿主流输移,回流区冰盖最后消融,河道主流逐渐恢复至畅流阶段,整体呈复归式。     

基于马斯京根法的嫩江江桥-大赉段洪水演算

针对嫩江江桥-大赉河段洪水演进不平衡问题,首先分析了1998年前后江桥和大赉两个水文站的径流变化规律;然后引入河道洪水演进损失系数,建立了基于分段马斯京根方法的江桥-大赉河段的洪水演算模型;最后利用1998年后洪水资料,采用粒子群优化算法率定了河道洪水演进参数和洪水演进损失系数,并分析了参数和损失系数的合理性。结果表明,由于受1998年大洪水的冲刷以及河道两岸冲毁的影响,嫩江江桥-大赉段河道洪水传播速度加快,同时在演进过程中洪水向河道外满溢,导致上下游水量不平衡。     

Real-time flood forecasting of Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas

A combination of the rainfall-runoff module of the Xin’anjiang model, the Muskingum routing method, the water stage simulating hydrologic method, the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method, and the real-time error correction method is applied to the real-time flood forecasting and regulation of the Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas. The Xin’anjiang model is used to forecast the flood discharge hydrograph of the upstream and tributary. The flood routing of the main channel and flood diversion areas is based on the Muskingum method. The water stage of the downstream boundary condition is calculated with the water stage simulating hydrologic method and the water stages of each cross section are calculated from downstream to upstream with the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method. The input flood discharge hydrograph from the main channel to the flood diversion area is estimated with the fixed split ratio of the main channel discharge. The flood flow inside the flood retarding area is calculated as a reservoir with the water balance method. The faded-memory forgetting factor least square of error series is used as the real-time error correction method for forecasting discharge and water stage. As an example, the combined models were applied to flood forecasting and regulation of the upper reaches of the Huai River above Lutaizi during the 2007 flood season. The forecast achieves a high accuracy and the results show that the combined models provide a scientific way of flood forecasting and regulation for a complex watershed with flood diversion and retarding areas.     

ICE JAMS IN A SMALL RIVER AND THE HEC-RAS MODELING

This paper describes a model of a 3.06km long river reach between two small reservoirs under both open flow and ice covering conditions for different operational settings of the stoplogs in the downstream reservoir. The HEC--RAS model developed by the Hydrological Engineering Center of US Army Corps of Engineers was used to compare different approaches in terms of flow velocity, water level and the Froude number. The impacts of heavily vegetated main channel and floodplain on ice accumulations were investigated. And it is shown that this vegetation plays a significant role in the formation of river ice jam during winter period and thus the vegetated channel has strong influence on ice flooding. In addition, the paper explores the impact both of the operation of the stoplogs during the winter period and the presence of the downstream dam on the accumulation of ice jam along this river reach.     

2000年以来黄河宁蒙河段开河期冰凌洪水特点分析

黄河宁蒙河段开河期冰凌洪水主要集中在3月中下旬,一般由融冰洪水与冰坝洪水组成,其特点主要表现在:凌峰、洪量年际变化大,沿程增加明显,头道拐站易形成多峰,峰型系数较夏汛小,洪水历时较夏汛短,水位表现较夏汛同流量水位高,流速在涨水段慢于落水段。这些特点主要与宁蒙河道形态、水利工程、封河期上游来水及开河期气温、开河形势、封冻期形成的槽蓄水增量大小、沿程分布及其释放程度有关。     

凌汛危害及其防护措施

凌汛在冬春季节江河水充受冰凌阻碍而引起的涨水现象，凌汛的发生与江河所处的地理位置密切相关，由于河流下游段的纬度高于上游段，因而产生封冻时下段早于上段，解冻时下段迟于上段，再加上江河中一些河段弯曲狭窄，在封冻流冰期，易开成冰塞洪水；在解冻流冰期；易产生冰坝洪水，其结果轻则漫滩，重者决堤成灾，造成很大灾害。我国在防凌汛洪水措施方面积累了较丰富的经验，在实路中逐步认识到凌汛的产生是由于热力和动力因素共同     

黄河头道拐段冰输移及堆积过程数值模拟

头道拐河段因其特殊的河道形态及地理位置而成为黄河内蒙古段最易形成冰坝的河段,研究该河段河冰输移及堆积过程是理解内蒙古段河冰过程及卡冰结坝作用机理的关键。本文基于耦合的二维有限元水动力学模型和DPM(Discrete Parcel Method)河冰动力学模型,模拟了黄河头道拐河段2020—2021年冬季封河过程并进行了验证,讨论了不同水力条件、上游流凌密集度及河道形态对封河过程的影响。结果表明：相比于官牛犋弯道,河道弯曲率大、束窄程度高的什四份子弯道更易形成卡冰,且流量越小,卡冰作用越明显,冰盖向上游发展速度越快。河道流凌密集度小于0.4时,各种流量下研究河段未发生卡冰;流凌密集度增大至0.4,表面流冰首先在弯曲率系数较大的什四份子弯道处形成卡冰,随着流凌密集度和流量的进一步增大,下潜并输移到下游的流凌也会在官牛犋弯道形成卡冰,因此,头道拐河段形成卡冰的流凌密集度临界条件为0.4。应用冰水耦合二维动力学模型可以很好地模拟天然河道河冰输移、堆积过程中河道的水力特性、冰厚增长及封河形态,揭示了影响河冰过程的相关因素及作用机理,为黄河内蒙古段防凌减灾工作提供技术支撑。     

Simulation and analysis of ice processes in an artificial open channel

The Middle Route Project for South-to-North Water Transfer, which consists of a long artificial open channel and various hydraulic constructions, is a big water conveyance system. A numerical modeling of water conveyance in the ice period for such large-scale and long distance water transfer project is developed based on the integration of a river ice model and an unsteady flow model with complex inner boundaries. A simplified method to obtain the same flow discharge in the upstream and downstream of the structure by neglecting the storage effect is proposed for dealing with the inner boundaries. According to the measured and design data in winter-spring period, the whole ice process, which includes the formation of the ice cover, its development, the melting and the breaking up as well as the ice-water dynamic response during the gate operation for the middle route, is simulated. The ice characteristics and the water conveyance capacity are both analyzed and thus the hydraulic control conditions for a safety regulation are obtained. At last, the uncertainties of some parameters related to the ice model are discussed.     

耦合渗漏项的季节性河道洪水演进模型研究

针对北方干旱或半干旱区季节性河道渗漏现象严重问题,为提高流域洪水演进模拟精度,在传统水动力学洪水演进模型基础上耦合河道渗漏项,构建季节性河流洪水演进数学模型。采用霍顿入渗模型描述季节性河道渗漏过程,解决河道渗漏量计算及与基于圣维南方程组洪水演进模型耦合问题;并利用Preissmann四点偏心隐格式与追赶法对模型离散和计算,开发FORTRAN计算程序;最后以大沽河流域实测资料进行验证。结果表明,沙湾庄和南村断面水位与流量过程的模拟值与实测值吻合且变化趋势一致,洪水峰面到达断面模拟时间和实际时间基本一致,研究区各河段来水量、渗漏量的实测值与模拟值相对误差范围分别为-1.66%~0.36%、-3.09%~3.72%,所建模型可满足在现状条件下进行洪水模拟预报的需要。     

Investigation the Effect of Using Variable Values for the Parameters of the Linear Muskingum Method Using the Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO)

Flood routing is a technique to determine the flood hydrograph at a point of downstream where is of great importance and flood-induced risks can cause irreparable damages. Routing methods can be classified into two categories: hydraulic routing and hydrologic routing. Hydrologic methods are less accurate than hydraulic methods but they are widely used for engineering of rivers due to simplicity and being acceptable. Muskingum is a simple, widely used hydrologic method in the flood routing. In present study, accuracy of the linear Muskingum method has been evaluated using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm in a Karun River reach bounded to the Mollasani hydrometric station and Ahwaz station upstream and downstream of the river, respectively. The results suggest that if three distinct values rather than constant values are used for X, K, ?? parameters in the Muskingum method, the accuracy of computed outflow will be increased particularly in the peak section of hydrograph so that the Mean Relative Error (MRE) of the peak hydrograph section was 2.44% when constants were. However, in the case of using three different values for these parameters, the error value reached 0.89%.     

Application of Muskingum routing method with variable parameters in ungauged basin

This paper describes a flood routing method applied in an ungauged basin, utilizing the Muskingum model with variable parameters of wave travel time K and weight coefficient of discharge x based on the physical characteristics of the river reach and flood, including the reach slope, length, width, and flood discharge. Three formulas for estimating parameters of wide rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections are proposed. The influence of the flood on channel flow routing parameters is taken into account. The HEC-HMS hydrological model and the geospatial hydrologic analysis module HEC-GeoHMS were used to extract channel or watershed characteristics and to divide sub-basins. In addition, the initial and constant-rate method, user synthetic unit hydrograph method, and exponential recession method were used to estimate runoff volumes, the direct runoff hydrograph, and the baseflow hydrograph, respectively. The Muskingum model with variable parameters was then applied in the Louzigou Basin in Henan Province of China,and of the results, the percentages of flood events with a relative error of peak discharge less than 20% and runoff volume less than 10% are both 100%. They also show that the percentages of flood events with coefficients of determination greater than 0.8 are 83.33%, 91.67%, and 87.5%,respectively, for rectangular, triangular, and parabolic cross sections in 24 flood events. Therefore,this method is applicable to ungauged basins.     

凌汛期堤防漫顶溃口破坏规律断面模型试验Ⅰ:黏性土堤

凌汛期河道存在大量冰凌,导致河流壅塞、水位上涨,对堤防安全造成了严重隐患。为了探究凌汛期黏性土堤的漫顶溃口破坏规律,建立了室内水槽物理模型,模拟了冰凌条件下的堤防漫顶破坏,通过改变堤身含水率和河道流量,分析了冰凌条件下溃堤时的溃口破坏形式、溃口发展过程和水位变化过程。结果表明:溃堤过程中冰凌挤压对堤体的破坏作用明显,堤身含水率和河道流量对溃堤过程有显著的影响;与洪水条件相比,冰凌条件下溃堤时溃口前期发展较为缓慢,而中、后期较为强烈;冰凌条件下的堤前水位峰值要高于洪水条件。     

水库联合调度对松澧地区防洪的影响分析

基于马斯京根法的连续的河道洪水演进模型,实现了澧水流域上江垭、皂市水库联合防洪调度,从而得到联合调度对澧水流域防洪控制点流量影响;同时采用水动力学模型对松澧地区控制站点水位模拟。结果显示,除了1998年、2003年特大洪水外,通过江垭、皂市水库联合防洪调度,基本可以保证河道防洪安全,同时松澧地区控制点水位有所降低。而通过江垭、皂市、三峡水库联合运用,松澧地区控制站点的水位仍高于保证水位。     

滩区公路建设对黄河下游宽滩河段行洪影响的分析

为了协调社会发展与河流健康,选择黄河下游某宽滩区河段为对象,研究了拟建占滩公路对河道行洪的影响。首先采用系统分析方法,研究了近50年来该河段洪水泥沙变化与河床冲淤演变特征,分析了大型水利工程运用对下游河势的不同阶段影响,评估了河势未来发展及边界条件调整趋势。在此基础上,借助一维水动力模拟计算,分析研究了在现状及未来条件下行洪期拟建公路对河道水位、流速的影响。研究表明:公路布置路线与河道行洪方向基本一致且远离主槽,可以使公路对滩区的行洪干扰保持在较低水平;规划线路最大阻水面积仅占总过流面积的2. 47%,局部路段最大壅水高度不超过0. 064 m。综合分析表明:线路优化布局使工程对中小洪水河势没有影响,大洪水河势基本保持原有状态,沿河整治工程基本不受影响。研究成果对科学规划、管理河流,探索河漫滩公路建设与河道安全行洪的协调机制,具有一定参考价值。     

水库下游非平衡河流设计最低通航水位的确定

设计最低通航水位是航道整治工程的基本参数,该水位的现有确定方法是建立在河床冲淤变化不大条件下的水文资料统计方法。水库下游河床处于非平衡变化过程中,河床冲淤幅度较大或水库下泄流量过程因调度规则的差异而不同时,已有方法不再具备适用条件。本文将原有平衡河流通航设计水位的概念延伸至水库下游非平衡河流河床冲淤变化过程中,分析了三峡水库不同蓄水时段影响设计水位的主要因素、影响过程及其程度,以水库调度计算和下游河床冲淤一维数学模型计算为基础,分析了长江中下游沿程各站不同时期的设计水位,又为水库下游非平衡河流设计最低通航水位确定提供方法参考。     

黄河宁蒙河段2009—2010年度凌情特点分析

分析了2009—2010年度黄河宁蒙河段凌情的特点及其成因:该年度凌情特点是流凌、封河早,封河发展呈阶梯状、封冻冰盖薄、槽蓄水量大、局部河段水位偏高、开河速度慢、开通日期晚、开河洪峰小、开河最大10 d水量大等;气温骤升骤降是造成上述特点的最主要因素,河道淤积、河道工程阻冰阻水、水库调度及人工分凌等是影响该年度凌情的重要因素。     

献县泛区洪水演进数学模型研究

为研究献县泛区的洪水演进情况,以一二维非恒定流方程为控制方程,运用有限体积法进行离散,结合献县泛区地形资料及滹沱河流域的水文资料,建立了一二维耦合的洪水演进数学模型。采用滹沱河现状行洪能力下的实测水位对模型进行验证,结果基本吻合。在10、20、50 a重现期洪水来水情况下进行模拟计算,得到了不同口门相应的启用时间以及河道主要断面的水位过程图;比较了在不同洪水情况下,河道主要位置的堤高与相应洪水高水位以及泛区水位达到最大值的时间。 结果表明:随着重现期的不断变大,河道主要位置的水位都有明显升高,而且在20 a以上重现期下姚庄下游的河道水位逐渐高于河堤,出现漫堤情况。研究成果可为下一步防洪决策提供依据。     

多沙河流岸边式泵站优化布置方案试验研究

对黄河干流某宽浅多沙河段拟建泵站规划布置方案进行了泵站选址、取水头部布置、浮冰进闸模拟等的试验研究,试验结果表明:宽浅多沙河流岸边式取水泵站站址宜选在弯道顶冲点下游的送溜段;取水头部按迎水面与主流线平行的形式布置流态较为理想,采用叠梁闸形式可使洪枯水季节的取水安全及取水防沙得到最大限度的保证;岸边式取水泵站的进水流道会有浮冰进入,但数量远小于河道内的浮冰疏密度;站址区的岸坡防护与加固,应以不影响取水头部最佳水流条件为前提。