齿轮磨削裂纹成因分析

某齿轮磨削后表面产生了裂纹,其中齿顶裂纹为常规的磨削裂纹,而齿根裂纹为纵深较大的非常规磨削裂纹,采用化学成分分析、非金属夹杂物检验、金相检验等方法对裂纹产生的原因进行了分析,并从应力角度对磨削裂纹进行了分类。结果表明:磨削齿轮时进刀量过大使得摩擦应力陡增,在该摩擦应力与热应力的共同作用下材料表面被拉裂,导致该齿轮齿顶、齿根产生裂纹;从致使磨削裂纹产生的主导应力角度将磨削裂纹分为内应力主导的磨削裂纹和摩擦应力主导的磨削裂纹,该齿轮齿顶裂纹属于内应力主导的磨削裂纹,齿根裂纹属于摩擦应力主导的磨削裂纹。     

20CrMnMo钢渗碳齿轮磨削裂纹成因分析

采用化学成分分析、金相分析、显微硬度测试以及残余应力测定等方法对某20CrMnMo钢渗碳齿轮磨削裂纹产生原因进行了分析。结果表明:该齿轮产生磨削裂纹主要是由于磨削过程中表面产生严重的二次淬火烧伤和回火烧伤,二次淬火烧伤的次表面及边缘回火烧伤区硬度大幅下降及表面受拉应力,两者共同作用下产生了磨削裂纹;另外,渗碳层中存在针状马氏体和大量残余奥氏体,增加了齿轮磨削开裂的敏感性,这是齿轮产生磨削裂纹的另一个重要原因。     

轧钢机渗碳淬火齿轮磨削裂纹产生原因及预防措施

为找到轧钢机齿轮在生产中磨削后齿面出现裂纹缺陷的原因,对轧钢机渗碳淬火齿轮进行了宏观分析、化学成分分析、硬度测试及金相检验等。结果表明:磨齿工艺不当导致齿轮最表层形成未经回火的二次淬火隐晶马氏体,硬度高且脆性大,渗碳层最终形成高-低-高的典型磨削淬火烧伤硬度分布特征,当齿轮磨削表面产生的热应力、拉应力和组织应力大于齿轮表面的断裂强度时将在此处产生裂纹。可通过控制渗碳淬火后的马氏体为隐晶状或细针状,控制残余奥氏体含量面积分数在20%以内、表面碳含量质量分数为0.7%~0.9%,以及选择合理的回火温度、回火时间和磨齿工艺等措施来防止磨齿裂纹的产生。     

齿面弧形裂纹分析

通过化学成分分析、硬度试验、宏观和微观检验等方法,对减速机齿轮齿面弧形裂纹的产生原因进行了分析。结果表明：该裂纹属于磨削裂纹,磨削工艺不当是裂纹产生的直接原因。热处理工艺不当也增加了齿轮磨裂的可能性。因此,在磨削工艺及热处理工艺方面提出了改进措施。     

渗碳齿轮齿面磨削裂纹的研究

渗碳齿轮磨削裂纹是齿轮制造过程中普遍存在一种现象,直接影响着齿轮表面质量和工作性能。本文以18CrNiMo7—6渗碳齿轮为研究对象,分析了磨削裂纹产生原因,并从材料、热处理和机械加工几个方面,提出预防磨削裂纹的工艺措施。     

齿轮开裂失效分析

采用断口分析、化学成分分析、低倍检验、金相检验和硬度测试等方法对某批经渗碳、淬火热处理及磨齿加工后放置一段时间发生开裂的齿轮的失效原因进行分析。结果表明：齿轮渗碳层碳化物级别过高,加上淬火后齿轮齿部应力集中,磨齿时又产生磨削裂纹,齿轮在放置期间由于应力导致裂纹扩展而开裂。     

曲轴疲劳试样表面磁痕分析

采用宏观和微观检验等手段对曲轴疲劳试样不同部位磁痕产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:磁痕是由于带状组织、疲劳裂纹和磨削裂纹等原因造成的。磨削裂纹主要是由于磨削时摩擦应力过大造成的。原材料中存在较严重的带状组织,导致淬火组织和残余应力不均匀,对磨削裂纹的产生起到了促进作用。     

地铁列车从动齿轮表面裂纹产生原因

采用磁粉检测、金相检验、硬度测试、化学成分分析等方法对地铁列车从动齿轮表面大量裂纹缺陷的产生原因进行了分析。结果表明：齿轮表面裂纹的性质为接触疲劳裂纹,早期开裂的原因是磨齿过程中齿面发生了磨削烧伤。     

六方轴表面裂纹成因分析

材料为20CrMnTi钢的六方轴渗碳淬火后,在磨削时其表面产生了严重的裂纹。采用宏观检验、金相检验以及硬度测试等方法,对六方轴表面裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:六方轴表面裂纹是因为砂轮修理不平整以及磨削工艺参数选择不合理,使工件表面产生了严重的磨削烧伤,当磨削形变应力、热应力和组织应力综合作用超过材料的抗断强度时,就形成了裂纹。最后提出了改进措施。     

面齿轮磨削齿面力热耦合及残余应力研究

根据面齿轮磨削残余应力的产生机理和Prandtl-Reuss方法,建立磨削表层热弹塑性力学本构关系;基于面齿轮磨削方法和Gleason接触原理,得出碟形砂轮磨削点接触椭圆方程参数、磨削力和磨削热流量的数学模型。构建面齿轮磨削单齿3D有限元模型,采用小步距移动法模拟磨削载荷的移动,仿真磨削温度场,得到磨削瞬态最高温度位于磨削接触弧中心区域。采用力热耦合间接法仿真分析了磨削表层残余应力,得出磨削齿面上为残余压应力,齿面里层为残余拉应力;随磨削深度和砂轮速度增大,齿面残余应力增加显著;但随展成速度增大,齿面残余应力增幅减小。采用X射线衍射法实验,对比分析了面齿轮磨削表层残余应力的实测值与仿真值,其相对误差最大值17.8%在精度控制范围内,说明力热耦合有限元分析残余应力有效,为改善面齿轮磨削质量提供了依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.