Surface Morphology Studies in Polymer-Graphite/Epoxy Sliding

Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and polycarbonate pins were slid dry against continuous graphite fiber/epoxy plates in reciprocating multiple-pass wear tests for different values of virgin surface roughness, fiber orientation, and load. Scanning electron photomicrographs of the polymer wear surfaces were combined with three-dimensional graphs of wear rate versus virgin surface roughness and fiber orientation. The types of surface damage observed for UHMWPE at both an 8.9- and 35.6-N load were mild plastic deformation, fatigue of loose particles, and light abrasive cutting. The types of surface damage observed for polycarbonate at either load were massive abrasive plowing and plastic flow of material. The wear debris of UHMWPE consisted of rolled, cut, or extruded particles; for polycarbonate, clumps of transferred plateaus of polymer. The unit pressure times velocity (PV) limit for polycarbonate was reached when samples were slid against the most abrasive counterface transverse to the graphite fibers.     

UHMWPE基水润滑轴承摩擦及润滑特性的试验研究

针对纤维填料改性UHMWPE水润滑轴承的摩擦磨损性能进行研究。在平面摩擦磨损试验机上对玻璃纤维及碳纤维填料对UHMWPE复合材料摩擦性能进行试验,并分析GF-CF-UHMWPE材料与Thordon SXL材料在干摩擦、水润滑工况下的摩擦因数及磨损量。最后,采用径向水润滑轴承试验台对比研究了GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承和Thordon SXL轴承在不同载荷下摩擦因数随转速的变化规律。结果表明:纤维填料能显著增强UHMWPE的减摩性和耐磨性,GF-CF-UHMWPE材料具有更好的耐温性能,线性热膨胀系数也显著减小;GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承具有相同载荷下启动转速低,启动摩擦因数小的特性。     

试验参数对人工滑液边界润滑条件下超高分子量聚乙烯/Ti6Al4V往复摩擦磨损行为的影响

采用自行研制的往复摩擦磨损试验机,在法向载荷50 N、往复频率1 Hz、摩擦副接触形式为圆环外圆周/平面、初始线接触长度为6 mm、相对湿度为80%的试验条件下,研究了钛合金表面粗糙度、试验环境温度、试验延续时间、滑液成分等试验参数对UHMWPE/Ti6A14V摩擦副的往复摩擦磨损行为的影响.结果表明,这些试验参数均显著影响UHMWPE/Ti6A14V摩擦副的往复摩擦磨损行为;在环境温度20℃、25%小牛血清去离子水溶液边界润滑、180 min往复摩擦磨损试验条件下,当钛合金表面粗糙度由Ra0.04 μm增加至Ra0.06μm时,摩擦副的平均摩擦因数由0.033增加至0.096,UHMWPE试样磨损量由0.131 mm3,增加至0.149 mm3;在钛合金表面粗糙度为Ra0.06μm、25%小牛血清去离子水溶液边界润滑、180 min往复摩擦磨损试验条件下,当试验环境温度由10℃上升至37℃时,摩擦副的平均摩擦因数由0.135减少至0.077,UHMWPE试样磨损量由0.188 mm3减少至0.134 mm3.     

表面粗糙度对滑动电接触磨损率的影响

在电气化铁路弓网系统中,磨损率是衡量列车运行状态与接触导线使用状态的重要指标。为了充分模拟弓网系统中磨损率情况,利用自行搭建的滑动电接触摩擦磨损试验机对滑板和接触导线进行摩擦磨损试验,分析滑板表面粗糙度、法向压力、接触电流与运行速度对磨损率的影响。得出结论:滑板磨损率随滑板初始表面粗糙度、接触电流、法向压力、运行速度的增加而增加,而高载荷下粗糙度对于磨损率的影响降低;滑板摩擦从磨合期进入稳定摩擦期存在一个临界表面粗糙度,当滑板初始表面粗糙度值等于临界粗糙度值时,其磨损率最低;不同初始表面粗糙度的滑板在跑合期内磨损过程不同,在稳定摩擦期内磨损过程趋于一致,且摩擦试验后滑板表面粗糙度也接近。     

Optimization on wear performance of UHMWPE composites using response surface methodology

This study examined the wear characteristics of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced with talc particles. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to construct empirical models to show the connection between control factors (filler loading, load and sliding speed) and responses (wear rate and average coefficient of friction (COF)) of UHMWPE. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to project the optimization of the control variables in order to reduce the wear of UHMWPE. It was discovered that the rate of wear and the average COF of UHMWPE could be minimized by the inclusion of talc. The SEM analyses of the worn surfaces and transfer films indicated that the degree of wear on the surface of the UHMWPE was reduced.     

纳米SiO2颗粒和玻璃微珠共混改性超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用模压成型工艺制备了纳米SiO2颗粒和玻璃微珠共混改性的超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料;研究了相对滑动速度、载荷以及玻璃微珠含量对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并对磨损形貌和磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明:添加纳米SiO2颗粒和玻璃微珠可以提高复合材料的硬度、压缩弹性模量和摩擦磨损性能;相对滑动速度对复合材料摩擦因数和磨损率有很大的影响;载荷对复合材料的摩擦因数影响不明显,但磨损率随载荷的增加而增大;纳米SiO2颗粒和玻璃微珠混合改性后复合材料的磨损机理主要是粘着磨损和疲劳磨损。     

Elementary results of dimensional analysis for friction and wear in steady state sliding

The combination of a dimensional analysis and the recognition of surface roughness (asperity) dimensions as dependent rather than independent variables in a steady state of wear leads to some interesting results. Functional forms for the friction coefficient, wear rate and the geometry of the wear surface are seen to provide surprisingly strong restrictions (such as no effect of the speed of sliding on the coefficient of friction) in some instances and surprisingly little in others. The roles of load, rubbing speed, elastic and plastic properties of rubbing surfaces, surface energy, critical stress intensities, microstructural dimensions, heat conductivity and strain rate sensitivity are touched upon briefly.     

Geometrical Aspects of the Tribological Properties of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Polyimide Composites

A Latin-square statistical experimental test design was used to evaluate the effect of temperature, load, and sliding speed on the tribological properties of graphite fiber reinforced polyimide (GFRPI) composite specimens. Hemispherically tipped composite riders were slid against 440C HT stainless steel disks. Comparisons were made to previous studies in which hemispherically tipped 400C HT stainless steel riders were slid against GFRPI composite disks and to studies in which GFRPI was used as a liner in plain spherical bearings. The results indicate that sliding surface geometry is especially important, in that different geometrics can give completely different friction and wear results. Load, temperature, and sliding distance were found to influence the friction and wear results but sliding speed was found to have little effect. Experiments on GFRPI riders with 10 weight percent additions of graphite fluoride showed that this addition had no effect on friction and wear.     

Stick–slip friction in dissimilar polymer pairs used in automobile interiors

The static and dynamic friction of dissimilar pairs of plastics used in automotive interiors was measured as a function of normal load, system stiffness, and surface roughness. Glass fiber filled polypropylene (FPP) was slid on polycarbonate (PC) and glass fiber filled styrene–maleic–anhydride copolymer (SMAC) in a single pass, unidirectional sliding test. The friction was characterized by the value of static coefficient of friction (COF) and the number of stick–slip cycles during sliding. It was found that the FPP/PC and FPP/SMAC pairs had fewer instances of stick slip than FPP/FPP, PC/PC, and SMAC/SMAC pairs except for one of the SMAC polymers. The surface texture which had the smallest average radius of peak curvature, had the lowest value of static COF. The decrease in the static COF of polypropylene (PP) caused by the addition of glass fiber was most likely caused by the increase in elastic modulus and hardness.     

稀土化合物改性复合材料在油润滑下的摩擦学性能

以竹纤维为增强相,通过稀土化合物改性制备一种树脂基复合材料;采用环块式摩擦磨损实验,研究稀土化合物改性复合材料在油润滑状态下载荷、转速对试样摩擦学性能的影响,以及稀土化合物改性对复合材料试样摩擦学性能的影响;比较干摩擦状态和油润滑状态下复合材料的摩擦学性能,观察和分析试样磨损表面形貌,探讨其磨损机制。实验结果表明:油润滑条件下,稀土化合物改性复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率都随着载荷的增大而增加;较高载荷下摩擦因数随着转速的增大先增加后减小,而磨损率则呈现逐步增加的趋势;稀土化合物的改性使竹纤维和基体界面结合更为紧密,提高摩擦因数的同时降低了磨损率;在油润滑作用下,试样磨损由干摩擦时的磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损转变成为轻微的疲劳磨损;在油润滑状态下,复合材料处于边界润滑状态,故摩擦因数和磨损率均低于干摩擦。     

Effect of contact stress on friction and wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in total hip replacement

This paper studies the effect of contact stress on friction and wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cups by means of friction and wear joint simulator testing under serum lubrication. For a given applied load, increasing the contact stress by increasing the ball/socket radial clearance decreased both the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. Friction and wear were highly correlated. The dependence of friction on contact stress for the UHMWPE socket under serum lubrication was similar to that of semi-crystalline polymers under dry sliding. This finding indicates the occurrence of partial dry contact at asperity levels for the metal-polyethylene ball-in-socket joint under serum lubrication.     

Investigation of the Transition State in the Wear of Polyphenylene Sulfide Sliding Against Steel

The effect of sliding variables, including counterface roughness, sliding speed, and contact pressure, on the run-in state of wear and friction was studied. Sliding was performed in the pin-on-disk configuration with a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) pin resting on the flat steel counterface. Some experiments were also run to study the effect of air cooling and heating. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the shape and size of the wear debris, worn pin surface, and the transfer film formed on steel counterfaces. It was found that friction and wear in the run-in state were significantly affected by the sliding variables studied and their influence was closely related to the development of a transfer film during the run-in state. If the transfer film developed during initial sliding, the coefficient of friction increased and wear rate decreased. The wear rate in the run-in state increased with the increase in initial counterface roughness and there was an optimal counterface roughness of 0.06 m Ra for minimum steady state wear rate. A higher applied load led to a higher wear rate in the run-in state but that was not the case with steady state wear rate.     

Tribological and nanoscale research on model friction couples intended for hip joint prostheses

Abstract

The paper presents the results of tribological and nanoscale research on model friction couples intended for hip joint prostheses. The tribological tests were performed by means of reciprocating pin on plate testing machine. The investigated friction pairs contained plates rubbing against polymer pins. The test plates were made from seven kinds of ceramics containing different concentrations of ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃, and two kinds of Co–Cr alloy. The test pins were made from UHMWPE. Tribological tests were performed in conditions of Ringer solution circulation. On the basis of friction force measurements, for each investigated friction couple, the average coefficient of friction was calculated. On the basis of total wear measurements, for each investigated couple, the wear intensity was calculated. Before and after every test, the plates and pins were analysed by means of atomic force microscopy. The difference in plate surface roughness was determined by the results of the atomic force microscopy analyses.

It was stated, that in the case of investigated friction joints, working under reciprocating motion, the wear and friction coefficient correlates with the surface roughness of plate specimens. For the plates with higher surface roughness, the lower friction coefficient and also lower UHMWPE pin wear intensity were observed. The friction coefficient and wear intensity were increasing with decreasing surface roughness. The correlation is confirmed by the differences in material transfer process. Considering investigated friction couples, the pin polymer material is smeared on the ceramic plates with the highest surface roughness creating a thin polymer film. In the case of ceramic surfaces with the lowest surface roughness, the strong adhesive bounds are created and some large particles of polymer are transferred to ceramic surface.     

载荷和转速对HDPE多元复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

为改善高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)的力学性能、自润滑性和耐磨性,以HDPE为基体,通过填充六钛酸钾晶须(PTW)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和滑石粉制备一种HDPE复合材料.在MMW-1型摩擦磨损试验机上测试复合材料在不同载荷和转速下的摩擦因数、磨损率,采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析磨痕形貌,探讨HDPE复合材料的摩擦磨损规律.结...     

表面粗糙度对碳/铜载流摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过环-块式摩擦磨损试验研究了表面粗糙度对碳/铜载流摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了磨损形貌及机制。结果表明:其摩擦因数与电弧行为密切相关,无电弧时摩擦因数曲线平滑;对磨环的表面粗糙度越大越容易产生电弧,电弧的烧蚀导致块试样的磨损加剧;不同表面粗糙度下均存在临界起弧法向压力,且随着表面粗糙度的增大而增大;载流摩擦副的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、电弧烧蚀及材料转移。     

Friction and sliding wear of UHMWPE modified cotton fibre reinforced polyester composites

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) modified polyester-cotton composites were developed and studied for friction and sliding wear behaviour at different applied loads and UHMWPE concentrations. Sliding wear tests were conducted by using pin-on-disc apparatus. Composites in the form of the pin were tested against EN-24 steel disc. The specific wear rate of polyester reduced on reinforcement of cotton and on addition of UHMWPE. The coefficient of friction of polyester resin increased on cotton reinforcement and reduced significantly on addition of UHMWPE in cotton polyester composite. The composites exhibited reductions in specific wear rate against the normal load in the specimens those containing 7.41 or higher volume percent of UHMWPE. The significant reduction in wear rate of UHMWPE modified polyester-cotton composite has been discussed with the help of SEM observations of worn surfaces and coefficient of friction. The addition of 14.19 vol.% UHMWPE in polyester resin brought down the value of μ to nearly half to that of polyester resin and 1/3rd of cotton polyester composite.     

Friction and wear of self-mated SiC and Si3N4 sliding in water

The friction and wear of self-mated SiC and Si₃N₄ with different initial roughness sliding in water were investigated with pin-on-disk apparatus at normal load of 5 N and sliding speed of 120 mm/s in ambient condition. It was found that, for self-mated Si₃N₄, the wear mechanism for surface smoothening to obtain low friction was tribochemical wear, but for self-mated SiC, it changed from mechanical wear into tribochemical wear with increasing sliding cycles. After running-in in water, self-mated Si₃N₄ exhibited lower steady-state friction coefficient than self-mated SiC did. For these two ceramics, initial and steady-state friction coefficients were hardly dependent on initial roughness. Initial roughness mainly affected the running-in period. The larger the initial roughness, the longer the running-in period, but the running-in period was much shorter for self-mated Si₃N₄ at each initial roughness than that for self-mated SiC.     

水润滑复合橡胶轴承的摩擦学特性试验研究

以自来水为润滑介质 ,用 MPV- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机分别研究了载荷、速度、运行时间等对 30 mm× 5 0mm复合橡胶轴承的摩擦系数和磨损率的影响 ,结果表明 :在较高载荷和较低转速下 ,形成了水膜动压润滑 ,轴承的摩擦系数和磨损率都较低。对作用机理进行了系统的分析 ,为水润滑橡胶轴承的实际应用提供理论依据     

Tribological behavior of Cu20%Nb and Cu15%Cr in situ composites under dry sliding conditions

The tribological behavior of Cu20%Nb and Cu15%Cr in situ composites was studied on a pin-on-disk tester. Composite pins were slid against a hardened AISI 52100 steel disk under dry ambient conditions. Comparison of coefficient of friction, wear rate and bulk temperature was made between the two composites in terms of effects of normal pressure and sliding speed. Microstructural changes in the composites due to sliding were studied and correlated with the change of tribological behavior. The wear rate increased with increasing normal pressure and decreased with increasing sliding speed in the studied range of normal pressure (0.06–0.56 MPa) and sliding speed (2.50–5.83 m s⁻¹) for both composites. Cu20%Nb showed a much better wear resistance and a lower coefficient of friction than Cu15%Cr. The coefficient of friction slightly increased for Cu20%Nb and slightly decreased for Cu15%Cr with increasing normal pressure. The coefficient of friction for both composites decreased with increasing sliding speed. The bulk temperature was higher and subsurface deformation layer thickness was larger for Cu15%Cr than for Cu20%Nb. Both of them increased with increasing normal pressure and sliding speed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed plastic deformation flow on the wear surface at an early stage for both composites. However, the formation of a surface film led Cu20%Nb composite to reach a steady state much sooner and therefore to have a lower wear rate than Cu15%Cr.     

载流条件下的1Cr18Ni9Ti/浸金属碳摩擦磨损性能研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上试验了载荷、速度、电流对1Cr18Ni9Ti/浸金属碳对磨时的摩擦因数、磨损量及磨损形貌的影响。试验结果表明,载荷对1Cr18Ni9Ti/浸金属碳摩擦副的摩擦因数和销试样的磨损率有显著影响:载荷越大,摩擦因数越大,磨损率越低;摩擦因数、磨损率与速度的关系受载荷的制约。当低载时,以电流影响为主。销试样的磨损表面出现了粘着磨损,氧化磨损和电弧烧蚀。