Trust‐annotated ontology integration using social modelling*

Abstract: As ontologies become more prevalent for information management the need to manage the ontologies increases. Multiple organizations, within a domain, often combine to work on specific projects. When separate organizations come together to communicate, an alignment of terminology and semantics is required. Ontology creation is often privatized for these individual organizations to represent their view of the domain. This creates problems with alignment and integration, making it necessary to consider how much each ontology should influence the current decision to be made. To assist with determining influence a trust‐based approach on authors and their ontologies provides a mechanism for ranking reasoning results. A representation of authors and the individual resources they provide for the merged ontology becomes necessary. The authors are then weighted by trust and trust for the resources they provide the ontology is calculated. This is then used to assist the integration process allowing for an evolutionary trust model to calculate the level of credibility of resources. Once the integration is complete semantic agreement between ontologies allows for the revision of the authors' trust.     

Domain-specific ontology of botany

Domain-specific ontologies are greatly useful in knowledge acquisition, sharing and analysis. In this paper, botany-specific ontology for acquiring and analyzing botanical knowledge is presented. The ontology is represented in a set of well-defined categories, and each concept is viewed as an instance of certain category. The authors also introduce botany-specific axioms, an integral part of the ontology, for checking and reasoning with the acquired knowledge. Consistency, completeness and redundancy of the axioms are discussed.     

本体复用方法语义导入的研究与设计

在OWL(web ontology language)中,本体复用主要采用owl:imports.然而,这种复制 粘贴的方式会出现若干问题.基于此,提出一种新的导入原型:语义导入.在本体空间中支持TBox推理机推理和语义导入,以促进本体复用.提出一种基于ALC本体语义导入的TBox推理分布式算法,解决了简单本体空间中Tableaux算法的逻辑推理问题.     

基于本体集成的语义标注模型设计

语义Web的全面实现需借助于语义标注,标注网页信息会涉及到多个本体.据此,通过研究桥本体,提出一个在本体集成的基础上建立起来的多本体语义标注模型.该模型利用桥本体集成顶层本体和多个领域本体,同时借助基于本体的信息抽取技术对网页进行语义标注,并将标注信息存入标注库,使标注信息与网页分离,提高语义检索的效率.通过举例说明了本模型的合理性.     

语义Web中的本体匹配研究

随着本体应用的快速发展,本体数量大幅增长,这些本体描述的内容存在重复和关联,但在本体模式上却表现各异。本体匹配旨在识别异构本体中存在语义关联的实体,并建立它们之间匹配关系。它对于消除本体异构、实现本体集成和数据融合等具有重要作用。形式化定义了语义Web中的本体匹配问题,并从本体匹配方法、本体匹配挑战和本体匹配原型系统3个方面调研了最新研究进展,旨在为进一步研究指明方向。     

Repairing and reasoning with inconsistent and uncertain ontologies

With the development of semantic web, the quality and correctness of ontologies play more and more important roles in semantic representation and knowledge sharing. However, ontologies are often inconsistent and uncertain in real situations. Because of the difficulty in ensuring the quality of ontologies, there is an increasing need for dealing with the inconsistency and uncertainty in real-world applications of ontological reasoning and management. This paper adopts two methods to handle the inconsistent and uncertain ontologies: the first one is to repair the inconsistency, algorithms RIO and RIUO are proposed to compute the candidate repair set, the consistency of ontology could be recovered through deleting or modifying the axioms in candidate repair set; the second one is to develop a non-standard reasoning method to obtain meaningful answers, algorithms RMU and RMIU are proposed to perform query-specific reasoning methods for inconsistent and uncertain ontologies without changing the original ontologies. Finally the prototype system is constructed and the experiment results validate the usability and effectiveness of our approaches.     

一种基于语义网的本体映射改进算法

针对目前基于语义网的本体映射算法中背景本体搜索面少、本体收集不精确的问题,利用基于虚拟文档的映射技术提取在Word—Net中与概念同义的同义词集,将对单个概念进行搜索转换成对同义概念集进行搜索,从而扩大本体搜索面,获取更多背景本体。提出基于语义环境的动态本体映射算法来排除错误背景本体,使本体收集更加精确。实验结果表明,该算法可有效提高映射的查全率和查准率。     

基于匿名消息广播的电子选举方案

针对目前基于语义网的本体映射算法中背景本体搜索面少、本体收集不精确的问题,利用基于虚拟文档的映射技术提取在Word-Net中与概念同义的同义词集,将对单个概念进行搜索转换成对同义概念集进行搜索,从而扩大本体搜索面,获取更多背景本体.提出基于语义环境的动态本体映射算法来排除错误背景本体,使本体收集更加精确.实验结果表明,该算法可有效提高映射的查全率和查准率.     

一种应用描述逻辑推理实现本体映射的方法

本体匹配用于找到两个本体中元素间的映射关系,是数据库应用领域的一个重要问题.本文提出了一种基于描述逻辑的本体匹配方法,利用语义解释实现匹配.该方法首先利用多匹配器发现字面语义关系,并据此利用描述逻辑推理器推理元素相互间关系.借助概念包含推理设计了概念间关系的判定算法,可推理出各种对应关系,如等价、泛化、特化、相离、相交.该方法最终利用推理器RacerPro实现了本体匹配,最后通过实验证明了方法的有效性.     

Identification and resolution of conflicts during ontological integration using rules

Abstract: Integration of ontologies of information sources and consumers is an important phase in achieving web‐based interoperability. The present work describes an approach for identifying certain semantic conflicts while integrating ontologies of heterogeneous information sources. This paper is focused on the identification of homonymy and synonymy between elements in ontologies. In the present work the concepts of homonymy and synonymy are synonymous to naming conflicts and entity identifier conflicts, respectively, and partial synonymy is synonymous to schema isomorphism conflicts. The concept of the mask of interoperability is introduced for the identification of synonymy. The mask of interoperability is expressed in a declarative way as a set of rules, which can then be used for resolution of conflicts during integration of ontologies. As proof of concept, ontologies are implemented using the XML‐based ontology language Ontology Web Language (OWL), and the rules are implemented using the emerging rule language Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL). This representation in OWL and SWRL allows the ontology to be executable, flexibly extendable and platform‐independent. The OWL facts and SWRL rules are used by the Jess and Bossam reasoning engine to identify semantic homonymy and synonymy.     

Extracting a justification for OWL ontologies by critical axioms

Extracting justifications for web ontology language (OWL) ontologies is an important mission in ontology engineering. In this paper, we focus on black-box techniques which are based on ontology reasoners. Through creating a recursive expansion procedure, all elements which are called critical axioms in the justification are explored one by one. In this detection procedure, an axiom selection function is used to avoid testing irrelevant axioms. In addition, an incremental reasoning procedure has been proposed in order to substitute series of standard reasoning tests w.r.t. satisfiability. It is implemented by employing a pseudo model to detect “obvious” satisfiability directly. The experimental results show that our proposed strategy for extracting justifications for OWL ontologies by adopting incremental expansion is superior to traditional Black-box methods in terms of efficiency and performance.     

一种基于子图近似同构的e-Learning学习资源本体匹配方法

针对e-Learning学习资源本体异构问题, 提出一种基于子图近似同构的本体匹配方法。该方法对现有本体匹配方法进行扩展, 综合编辑距离、层次关系等特征, 计算本体的结构级相似性, 以点、边有序交替匹配来判断实体的有向图近似同构问题, 实现本体匹配判定。演示算法处理过程, 给出算法时间复杂度理论分析, 说明其有效性。     

语义集成中的不确定性本体映射模型

语义Web的高速发展使其具有动态性和异构性特征,解决语义信息的异构性问题成为实现信息集成的关键。本体作为一种语义Web的知识表示形式,增强了Web的语义信息。因此,为了解决语义异构性,实现数据间的互操作,必须建立异构本体间的映射关系。然而,为庞大的异构本体建立完全精确的本体映射是不现实的,本体映射中存在一定的不确定性。提出了一种新型的本体映射框架——语义集成中的不确定性本体映射。从不同方面研究本体特征,集合了多种映射策略,并引入了各映射策略中不确定性匹配的解决方案。实验证明,该方法具有可靠的实验性能,并且具有很好的通用性和可扩展性。     

Towards Ontology Generation from Tables

At the heart of today's information-explosion problems are issues involving semantics, mutual understanding, concept matching, and interoperability. Ontologies and the Semantic Web are offered as a potential solution, but creating ontologies for real-world knowledge is nontrivial. If we could automate the process, we could significantly improve our chances of making the Semantic Web a reality. While understanding natural language is difficult, tables and other structured information make it easier to interpret new items and relations. In this paper we introduce an approach to generating ontologies based on table analysis. We thus call our approach TANGO (Table ANalysis for Generating Ontologies). Based on conceptual modeling extraction techniques, TANGO attempts to (i) understand a table's structure and conceptual content; (ii) discover the constraints that hold between concepts extracted from the table; (iii) match the recognized concepts with ones from a more general specification of related concepts; and (iv) merge the resulting structure with other similar knowledge representations. TANGO is thus a formalized method of processing the format and content of tables that can serve to incrementally build a relevant reusable conceptual ontology.     

语义网格中基于多策略学习的Ontology匹配方法

近些年来，语义Web和网格计算这两个方向在各自的研究社区分别发展着，这两方面的交叉即语义网格(semantic grid)则是最近一段时间兴起的研究领域．通过给网格附加语义层，能够促进网格自组织的形成．现有的Gnd社区都是使用集中式的、一致性的、可扩充的Ontology库．超越集中式的语义存储是语义网格发展面临的最大挑战之一．针对网格社区间的Ontology异构性这个问题，提出了一种多策略的Ontology匹配学习方法．它使用多种分类方法来学习Ontology之间的匹配：使用一般的基于统计的分类方法来发现数据实例内部的分类特征；或者使用基于一阶逻辑的学习算法FOIL来发现数据实例之间的语义联系．在单个方法预测的基础上，匹配系统使用称之为最突出的冠军的匹配委员会方法来集成分类结果．实验表明在现实的知识领域中，系统能达到很高的匹配精度．     

语义集成:本体映射方法研究

本体是客观世界知识的表现形式,随着语义Web研究的深入,研究者们构建了越来越多的本体,如何实现本体之间的知识共享和重用,成为了语义Web发展的关键。文中对本体映射的方法进行了研究,系统阐述了本体及本体映射的定义、本体映射中的相似度计算和本体映射框架等。如何减少本体映射中的人工干预,实现本体的半自动化或自动化映射将是该领域的发展方向。     

一种基于RDF图的本体匹配方法

本体匹配是建立两个本体之间映射关系的过程,一个高效、严格的相似度计算方法是本体匹配的前提条件,为此提出了一种基于RDF图匹配的方法。该方法用RDF图表示本体,使本体间的匹配问题转化为RDF图的匹配问题,并利用匹配树表示匹配的状态,通过匹配树计算出两个本体中各实体之间的相似度,进而得到两个本体之间的映射关系。实验结果表明,该方法在查全率和查准率方面都有很好的表现。     

Variable weight semantic graph‐based ontology mapping method

The mapping method that is based on the name and structure of the ontology elements is the strategy used in most mapping methods. Methods using the name often only use the similarity between the individual elements in the ontology to predict the semantic relations between two ontologies, while the latter measure the mapping between two ontologies by means of the structural relations between the elements. The effects of these two kinds of mapping strategies are not ideal. Addressing this issue, the work presented in this paper proposes an ontology mapping approach, in which the ontology element name and structure are combined. It uses the approaches based on linguistics and distance to generate a variable weight semantic graph. On this graph, the similarity of element names and structure are calculated through iterative computation. In the process of iteration, similarity result values are constantly adjusted. The approach avoids the problem of single methods that cannot use the entire amount of ontology information; therefore, it provides a more ideal mapping result. For making full use of the message of ontology, our implementation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the mapping approach.     

基于本体论的文本挖掘技术综述

文本挖掘技术是从海量文本信息中获取潜在有用知识的有效途径。传统的文本挖掘方法由于不能有效运用语义信息而难以达到更高的准确度。本体论为语义信息的合理表示和有效组织提供了理论支持和技术手段。介绍和分析了常识本体和领域本体以及基于这些本体的文本挖掘方法。