减压膜蒸馏分离含Cr(VI)水溶液的实验研究

采用标称孔径为 0 .2 2 μm的聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜 ,对减压膜蒸馏法分离Cr(VI)水溶液进行了实验研究 ,探讨了进料浓度和pH值对膜分离性能的影响 .得到的最佳工艺条件为 :冷侧真空度 0 .0 96MPa、进料温度 6 0℃、进料流速 6 0L/h .在该工艺条件下膜具有良好的分离性能 ,此时 ,膜通量为 34.52kg/ (m2 ·h) ,截留率为 99.2 5% .结果表明 ,Cr(VI)水溶液经减压膜蒸馏技术处理后 ,能达到 0 .5mg/L的国家Cr(VI)控制浓度排放标准 .     

超声波-减压膜蒸馏组合技术处理甲基橙溶液的研究

将超声波与减压膜蒸馏技术相结合,采用聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜,研究了超声波促进作用下减压膜蒸馏法处理高浓度甲基橙溶液的分离性能.实验结果表明,超声波有利于减轻减压膜蒸馏过程的膜污染,提高分离性能;进料甲基橙溶液浓度600 mg/L时,超声波提高减压膜蒸馏过程的膜通量达44.87%;同时,超声波-减压膜蒸馏组合技术较减压膜蒸馏过程有更大的COD去除率.     

PDMS-b-PPO非对称渗透汽化膜对乙醇/水的分离性能

以聚二甲基硅氧烷聚苯醚(PDMS-PPO)嵌段共聚物为膜材料,正丁醇为添加剂,氯仿为溶剂,采用凝胶溶胶法制备非对称渗透汽化膜,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪对膜进行形貌表征及元素分析.研究了铸膜液浓度、膜后侧压力、进料液流速对乙醇/水混合物渗透汽化分离性能的影响.结果表明,随着铸膜液中嵌段共聚物质量分数的增大,非对称膜的分离因子和渗透通量呈先上升后下降的趋势;随着膜后侧压力的增加,分离因子呈上升趋势,而渗透通量下降较快;随着料液流速的提高,分离因子先上升后下降,而渗透通量呈减小的趋势.以嵌段共聚物质量分数为11%制备的非对称膜,在进料液乙醇含量(质量分数)5%、温度60℃、膜后侧压力10kPa、料液流速0.267L/min时,膜的渗透通量为850.7g/(m2.h),分离因子为8.78.实验表明,PDMS-b-PPO非对称膜对乙醇具有优先选择性,并有较高的渗透通量.     

用减压膜蒸馏法分离AlCl3-HCl-H2O体系中盐酸的研究

对减压膜蒸馏法分离AlCl3 -HCl-H2 O体系中盐酸进行了研究 ,着重考察了下列各种因素的变化对蒸馏液中盐酸浓度、HCl及H2 O通量的影响 :温度 (5 5～ 6 4℃ )、减压侧压力(7.5～ 10 .0kPa)及溶液中AlCl3 浓度 (0～ 80g/L) .实验结果表明 ,随着料液中盐酸浓度的增加 ,HCl通量增加 ,而H2 O通量降低 ;随着料液温度的升高 ,蒸馏液中盐酸浓度增大 ;减压侧压力对蒸馏液的组成基本无影响 ,而仅仅影响HCl及H2 O通量 ;料液中存在AlCl3 有利于HCl的分离 ,可提高蒸馏液的HCl浓度及其通量 ,而且随着AlCl3 浓度的增大 ,趋势更为明显 .实验结果与热力学分析结果一致 .     

不同预植晶种法制备NaA分子筛膜及其表征

采用多种预植晶种法在管状ɑ-Al2O3外表面水热晶化制备NaA分子筛膜.使用XRD、SEM对合成的膜层进行形貌表征,并用渗透气化技术考察膜的醇水分离性能.结果表明,采取搽涂-浸渍法在支撑体表面预植晶种,并进行2次4h水热晶化成膜制备的膜性能最好,在343K进料液中乙醇质量分数为90%时分离因子与渗透通量分别为6824和1.40kg/(m2·h).并考察操作温度以及料液水含量对膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响.随料液中水含量的增加,分离因子先升高后下降,渗透通量呈增大趋势;随着操作温度升高,分离因子逐渐降低而渗透通量随之增加.     

高疏水PVDF微孔膜及其膜蒸馏分离生物质发酵乙醇性能

聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)是一种优良的膜蒸馏用膜材料,本文利用非溶剂相转化法(NIPS)制备具有表面微纳米颗粒结构的高疏水甚至超疏水PVDF膜,主要考察了凝固浴的组成以及预蒸发时间对膜表面结构、孔径、孔隙率、接触角、穿透压及气体渗透量等的影响;同时,用乙醇水溶液、菊粉发酵液和菊芋发酵液3种不同的原料液对制备的膜进行了膜蒸馏性能测试.实验结果表明,通过条件优化后制得的PVDF膜具备优异的膜蒸馏性能,在真空度88 kPa和50℃条件下,对乙醇质量分数为7.48%的菊芋发酵液的通量和分离因子分别为4.81 kg/(m~2·h)和6.48.     

十七氟癸基修饰的有机-无机杂化二氧化硅膜的制备及其渗透汽化性能研究

以1,2-双(三乙氧基硅烷)乙烷(BTESE)和十七氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷(PFDTES)为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备十七氟癸基修饰的有机-无机杂化SiO_2膜材料.通过扫描电镜、接触角测量对膜材料的形貌、疏水性进行了表征,并研究了膜材料去除水体中微量乙醇的渗透汽化性能.结果表明,十七氟癸基修饰的有机-无机杂化SiO_2膜材料表面平整光滑,而且疏水性能得到改善,当n(PFDTES)∶n(BTESE)=0.4时,膜材料对水的接触角达到(111±0.6)°.对于低浓度的乙醇水溶液,修饰后的膜材料对乙醇具有优先选择透过性,随着修饰量、料液温度的增加,渗透通量和乙醇/水分离系数均升高.当n(PFDTES)∶n(BTESE)=0.4、料液温度为50℃、乙醇质量分数为10%时,渗透通量达到0.162 kg/(m~2·h),乙醇/水分离系数为2.40.     

膜蒸馏海水淡化过程研究:三种膜蒸馏过程的比较

采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维疏水微孔膜,以质量分数3.5%NaCl水溶液为模拟海水测试液,进行膜蒸馏脱盐实验.比较了真空(VMD)、气扫式(SGMD)和直接接触膜蒸馏(DCMD)过程的脱盐性能,考察了料液温度、流速、浓度以及冷侧冷凝条件等操作条件对过程性能的影响.结果表明:VMD过程的产水通量最高,达到21.8 L/(m2·h);DCMD次之,SGMD最小.三种MD过程的渗透通量均随料液温度的升高而增大,随料液浓度的增加而降低;SG-MD和VMD过程通量分别随冷侧气体流速和真空度增加而提高,而DCMD过程通量则几乎不随冷却水流速变化而改变.SGMD、DCMD和VMD过程的脱盐率分别为99.97%、99.98%和99.99%,几乎不随操作条件而改变.     

壳聚糖-三聚磷酸钠聚离子复合膜的研究

以红外光谱表征壳聚糖-三聚磷酸钠聚离子复合膜的结构。研究了膜组成、料液浓度、温度等对乙醇-水溶液的渗透汽化分离性能的影响。实验结果表明,该复合膜对乙醇-水溶液具有很高的渗透汽化脱水的选择分离性能和渗透通量。同时对渗透汽化机理及影响因素进行了初步探讨。     

离子液体复合膜用于渗透汽化分离乙醇水溶液

将离子液体[bmim]PF6引入制膜过程,制备了PDMS膜以及离子液体支撑液膜和PDMS-IL共混膜.用所制的膜进行渗透汽化实验分离乙醇水溶液,研究料液温度、浓度和真空度等对膜渗透通量和分离因子的影响,并比较了3种膜的分离效果.实验结果表明,在分离乙醇水溶液时,PDMS-IL共混膜的综合分离效果优于普通的PDMS膜,而离子液体支撑液膜分离性能不理想.此外膜渗透通量都随料液温度、浓度的增大而增大,随透过侧压力的增大而减小;分离因子随料液温度、浓度和透过侧压力的增大而减小.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.