藤茶中二氢杨梅素的提取纯化工艺研究

对藤茶中二氢杨梅素的提取和纯化工艺进行了研究,通过单因素和正交实验确定了最佳工艺参数:提取温度95℃,提取时间120min,料液比1:25,原料粒度80目,在此条件下,二氢杨梅素得率为22.8%。将粗提物经丙酮回流提取、浓缩、加水沉淀后得到晶体,晶体经4次重结晶后,得到二氢杨梅素产品,其纯度可达91.3%,得率为4.2%。     

逆流法提取二氢杨梅素研究

以藤茶为原料,以水为提取剂,对藤茶中的二氢杨梅素进行逆流提取。分别研究了影响二氢杨梅素提取收率的几个因素。研究表明:温度越高越有利于二氢杨梅素的提取,用沸水提取收率最大。料液比为1:10时最有利于二氢杨梅素的自然沉淀。提取时间在60min以前,二氢杨梅素的收率随提取时间的延长而增加;而在60min以后,二氢杨梅素的收率随提取时间的延长而减少。用偏碱性的水进行提取比用中性水和酸性水要好。     

藤茶中二氢杨梅素的绿色提取纯化方法研究

主要研究了二氢杨梅素的新型绿色提取纯化方法。结果表明:采用热水提取法,通过单因素分析和正交实验对提取工艺条件进行了优化。采用活性炭脱色、多次重结晶的纯化方法获得了纯度在98%以上的二氢杨梅素。     

二氢杨梅素乙酸酯的合成及抗氧化作用

目的:将二氢杨梅素进行酯化改性,考察二氢杨梅素酯化衍生物结构与抗氧活性间的内在关系.方法:采用改变乙酸酐与二氢杨梅素投料比,合成不同酯化程度的二氢杨梅素酯,并用猪油体系测定其抗氧活性.结果:用磷酸作催化剂,可有效地合成二氢杨梅素酯,所合成的化合物均有较强的抗氧化能力.结论:通过对二氢杨梅素酯化改性,明显地提高了二氢杨梅素的抗氧化作用能力.     

正交实验设计优选二氢杨梅素的提取工艺

用正交实验法研究从藤茶中提取二氢杨梅素的最佳工艺条件,探讨了不同提取时间、萃取温度及料液比等条件对提取率的影响,结果表明,在提取温度为95℃,微波辐射时间为15min,料液比为1∶20时二氢杨梅素的提取率最高。     

藤茶活性成分的同步提取分离研究

以水为提取荆,同步提取藤茶中的二氢杨梅素、杨梅素和藤茶多糖.提取的最佳工艺参数为:提取温度95 ℃,提取时间120 min,料液比1∶25 (g/mL),原料粒度80目.粗提物经丙酮回流提取、浓缩、加水沉淀后得到晶体,晶体经重结晶4次后得到二氢杨梅素产品,其纯度可达91.3％,得率为4.2％;取丙酮提取后的不溶性残渣经...     

薄膜-超声法制备二氢杨梅素脂质体的工艺研究

采用薄膜-超声法,对二氢杨梅素脂质体的制备工艺进行了研究,通过单因素和响应面实验确定了最佳工艺参数:卵磷脂和胆固醇比为6.2:1(g:g),卵磷脂和二氢杨梅素比为4.1:1(g:g),超声时间为34min,缓冲液pH为7.0,在此条件下,二氢杨梅素脂质体的包封率为88.58%。此法制备二氢杨梅素脂质体具有操作简便可行,脂质体包封率高、稳定性好等优点。     

二氢杨梅素月桂酸酯在猪油中的抗氧化性研究

用月桂酰氯对二氢杨梅素的羟基进行酯化，合成了二氢杨梅素月桂酸酯。并对二氢杨梅素月桂酸酯结构进行了红外光谱表征。通过对二氢杨梅素及二氢杨梅素月桂酸酯在猪油中抗氧化性能比较试验，证实二氢杨梅素月桂酸酯能够持久、稳定地在猪油中发挥抗氧化作用，在猪油中的抗氧化能力比二氢杨梅素强，而二氢杨梅素在猪油氧化后期起到了促氧化作用。通过对二氢杨梅素月桂酸酯在猪油中不同添加量抗氧化试验，得出二氢杨梅素月桂酸酯在猪油中的最佳添加量为1．0mmol/L。     

二氢杨梅素生物功效的研究

本实验采用《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》提供的方法,研究了从显齿蛇葡萄茎叶中提取的黄酮类化合物二氢杨梅素的生物功效。实验结果显示:二氢杨梅素毒性很小,其大鼠口服灌胃的最大耐受量为5.0g/kg。二氢杨梅素小鼠灌胃30d后能有效地阻止乙醇导致的肝脏GSH耗竭和MDA升高,能降低TG含量,减轻肝细胞脂肪变性等,该结果表明:二氢杨梅素有较强的抗氧化能力,还能够有效地预防乙醇性肝损伤。因此,二氢杨梅素作为天然的抗氧化剂具有良好的开发前景。     

二氢杨梅素的超声波辅助溶剂提取工艺

对显齿蛇葡萄中二氢杨梅素的超声辅助溶剂提取工艺进行了研究,在单因素实验和正交实验的基础上,得出超声波法辅助溶剂提取显齿蛇葡萄中二氢杨梅素的最佳工艺条件为：在40℃下,以液料体积质量比为15 mL∶1 g的体积分数65%乙醇溶液,超声波辅助溶剂提取40 min,目标物二氢杨梅素的一次提取率可达93.1%,优于常规的热提取法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.