HIPSN陶瓷高效精密磨削工艺优化试验研究

目的针对HIPSN(热等静压氮化硅)陶瓷精密加工效率低、成本高、难度大的问题,对HIPSN陶瓷高效精密磨削加工工艺进行优化。方法利用高精度成形磨床对HIPSN陶瓷进行试验,分析砂轮线速度、磨削深度、工件进给速度等工艺参数对磨削后表面质量的影响规律。结果磨削深度由0.005 mm增加到0.050 mm,表面粗糙度值由0.2773μm减小到0.2198μm,并趋于稳定;工件进给速度由1000 mm/min增加到15 000 mm/min,表面粗糙度值由0.2454μm减小到0.2256μm,之后增大到0.2560μm,并趋于稳定;砂轮线速度由20 m/s增加到50 m/s,表面粗糙度值由0.2593μm减小到0.2296μm。随着工件进给速度的增大,表面波纹度平均间距Sw由0 mm直线增加到5.90 mm;随着砂轮线速度的提高,平均间距Sw由2.33 mm直线减小到0.68 mm。优化工艺参数组合:砂轮线速度50 m/s,磨削深度0.030 mm,工件进给速度3000 mm/min。结论表面粗糙度值与磨削深度和砂轮线速度呈负相关,随着工件进给速度的增大,表面粗糙度值先减小后增大,之后趋于稳定。减小工件进给速度、提高砂轮线速度有助于改善表面波纹度。     

SiC陶瓷非球面磨削工艺实验研究

为了研究磨削工艺参数对SiC材料磨削质量的影响规律,利用DMG铣磨加工中心做了SiC陶瓷平面磨削工艺实验,分析研究了包括主轴转速、磨削深度、进给速度在内的磨削工艺参数对工件表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:工件表面粗糙度随着主轴转速的增加而减小,随着磨削深度和进给速度的增加而增加。在粗糙度工艺试验的基础上,以表面粗糙度最小为目标优选一组磨削工艺参数,进行了小口径SiC陶瓷非球面磨削实验,获得了较低的表面粗糙度值(0.5150μm)和较小的面形精度误差(4.668μm)。     

微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮磨削氧化铝陶瓷的磨削力和表面粗糙度特征

在不同磨削深度、砂轮转速和进给速度组合下,研究微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮磨削氧化铝陶瓷过程的磨削力及工件的表面粗糙度的变化规律,并筛选出低磨削力和低工件表面粗糙度的加工工艺参数。试验结果表明:在微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮的磨削过程中,氧化铝陶瓷主要通过脆性断裂的方式去除;随着磨削深度、进给速度的增加,砂轮在进给方向和切深方向的力以及工件表面粗糙度都上升;随着砂轮转速的增加,进给方向和切深方向的力以及工件表面粗糙度都下降。试验获得的低磨削力和低工件表面粗糙度精密加工工艺参数分别为:磨削深度为1.0 μm,进给速度为12 mm/min,砂轮转速为24 000 r/min和磨削深度为1.0 μm,进给速度为1 mm/min,砂轮转速为20 000 r/min。低磨削力磨削时,微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮受到的X方向和Z方向的磨削力分别为0.15 N和0.72 N;精密加工后的氧化铝陶瓷的表面粗糙度值可达0.438 μm。      

金刚石砂轮磨削轴承用ZrO2 陶瓷表面质量研究

在氧化锆陶瓷磨削中为获得较高质量表面,采用单因素试验研究磨削深度、砂轮线速度、工件进给速度对氧化锆陶瓷精密磨削表面质量的影响规律及材料去除机理,通过超景深三维显微镜以及扫描电子显微镜,观察氧化锆陶瓷试件磨削后的表面形貌,最后用正交试验法进行优选并验证。结果表明:磨削表面的粗糙度随磨削深度、工件进给速度增大而增大,随砂轮线速度增大先减小、后增大。在磨削深度5 μm、砂轮线速度40 m/s、工件进给速度1 000 mm/min的优化组合条件下,磨削3组氧化锆陶瓷的平均表面粗糙度R_a为0.388 9 、0.417 0和0.403 7 μm。      

DD9镍基单晶高温合金的缓进给磨削烧伤实验

针对第三代单晶高温合金DD9磨削烧伤问题，设计三因素五水平实验，从表面形貌、显微硬度和显微组织等角度出发，研究磨削工艺参数对烧伤的影响规律。结果表明：当工件进给速度小于等于250 mm/min时，磨削表面粗糙度Ra在0.8μm左右小幅度变化，表面质量较好；当工件进给速度大于250 mm/min，磨削深度超过1.0 mm后，磨削区域温度急剧上升，磨削纹路被破坏，出现涂覆、凹坑等磨削缺陷，工件表面发生烧伤；DD9合金缓进给磨削工件表面及表层均表现为加工硬化，显微硬度为400～600 HV，硬化层深度在50～110μm，塑性变形层厚度为1～10μm。推荐的DD9磨削工艺参数组合为：砂轮线速度vs=20 m/s，进给速度vw=250 mm/min，磨削深度ap=0.6 mm。     

航天用SiC反射镜超声振动辅助磨削工艺研究

针对航天用SiC反射镜的低加工效率、表面质量差等难题,采用超声振动辅助磨削技术对其进行工艺实验研究。首先,通过选用树脂结合剂金刚石杯型砂轮并采取栅线式磨削研究不同工艺参数对磨削效率的影响关系。然后采取螺旋式磨削进行正交实验探究超声振幅、进给速度、砂轮转速、磨削深度对表面粗糙度的影响,并采用极差法分析探究各因素对工件磨削质量影响程度的大小。研究结果表明:当超声振幅5μm,进给速度80mm/min,砂轮转速6000r/min,磨削深度2μm时可获得表面粗糙度Ra97nm的已加工表面。     

树脂金刚石砂轮磨削钒酸钇晶体中磨削参数对力和磨削表面质量的影响

本文用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮对钒酸钇晶体进行了平面磨削实验,研究了砂轮线速度、工件进给速度和磨削深度对磨削力和磨削表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:磨削力和磨削表面粗糙度都是随着砂轮线速度的增加而减小,随进给速度和磨削深度的增加而增加,其中磨削深度对磨削力影响最大,砂轮线速度对磨削表面粗糙度影响最大。钒酸钇晶体的磨削表面主要由断裂区域和光滑区域组成,当砂轮线速度为30m/s时,磨削表面存在宽度约100μm的裂痕,而随着砂轮线速度的上升,裂痕宽度降低到50μm以下,同时光滑区域所占的比例增加,这可能与发生塑性变形的机率增大有关。     

石墨砂轮精密磨削铁氧体的实验研究

本试验使用石墨白刚玉砂轮精密磨削铁氧体,可实现简化工艺的目的。实验结果表明:在磨削速度24 m/s、工件速度1~10 m/min、切深2.5~7.5 μm的普通磨削工艺条件下,铁氧体零件的表面粗糙度值均达到R_a 0.18 μm以下。最小的表面粗糙度值可以达到R_a 0.09 μm,磨削表面呈镜面。因此,该磨削工艺可以完全满足铁氧体零件的表面加工质量要求。      

RV减速器摆线齿轮磨削表面粗糙度试验研究

为研究RV减速器摆线轮的表面完整性,开展了20CrMnTi钢摆线轮成型磨削试验,分析砂轮的旋转速度、摆线轮进给速度、磨削深度以及砂轮粒度对摆线齿面粗糙度的影响规律。结果表明：砂轮粒度对表面粗糙度的影响最显著,砂轮旋转速度次之,进给速度最不显著。选用粒度为150目的砂轮、采用不同的磨削参数进行试验,获得摆线齿轮磨削后的表面粗糙度预测模型,当砂轮转速为3 200 r/min、摆线轮进给速度为12 m/min及磨削深度为012 mm时,可使摆线轮齿面获得较低的表面粗糙度,预测模型具有较高的预测效果,最大相对误差仅为 51%,为实际加工合理选择磨削参数提供有益的参考。     

ZrO2陶瓷平面磨削温度仿真分析与实验研究

目的研究工程陶瓷磨削参数对磨削温度的影响,磨削参数包括金刚石砂轮线速度、磨削深度及工件进给速度。方法以金刚石砂轮平面磨削ZrO_2陶瓷为例,运用ABAQUS建立单颗金刚石磨粒磨削ZrO_2陶瓷的有限元模型,分析磨粒磨削陶瓷过程。同时通过正交实验法设计多组关于金刚石砂轮线速度、磨削深度及工件进给速度的磨削组合参数实验,利用人工热电偶法对磨削温度进行测量,将实验结果与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果砂轮线速度由30 m/s增加到50 m/s,磨削深度由5μm增加到15μm,工件进给速度由1000 mm/min增加到3000 mm/min,磨削温度和磨削热分配比均增加,仿真结果与实验结果基本一致。结论磨削过程中磨削深度和工件进给速度对磨削温度的影响较大,随着金刚石砂轮线速度、磨削深度及工件进给速度的增加,磨削温度和磨削热分配比均增大。     

An analysis of grinding power and surface roughness in external cylindrical grinding of hardened SCM440 steel using the response surface method

The aim of this study was to analyze effectively the grinding power spent during the process and the surface roughness of the ground workpiece in the external cylindrical grinding of hardened SCM440 steel using the response surface method. A Hall effect sensor was used for measuring the grinding power of the spindle driving motor. The surface roughness was also measured and evaluated according to the change of the grinding conditions. Response surface models were developed to predict the grinding power and the surface roughness using the experimental results. From adding simply material removal rate to the contour plot of these mathematical models, it was seen that useful grinding conditions for industrial application could be easily determined.     

冷轧钢渗碳处理后的ELID磨削效果及加工表面硬度实验研究

本文采用在线电解修整磨削技术,对经渗碳处理后的冷轧钢进行超精密镜面磨削试验,获得表面粗糙度达Ra6～8 nm的加工表面.实验结果表明:采用微细粒度、高硬度铸铁基金刚石砂轮、提高砂轮线速度和减小磨削深度可有效地提高表面质量,降低表面粗糙度;磨削过程中,砂轮线速度、磨削深度、磨削液是影响加工表面质量的主要因素.     

C/SiC复合材料磨削的表面/亚表面损伤

采用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮对二维正交编织结构C/SiC复合材料进行了平面磨削加工实验。通过对磨削加工表面形貌、磨削表面中碳纤维区域的粗糙度、磨削亚表面形貌的分析与测量,对C/SiC复合材料磨削表面/亚表面损伤进行了研究。结果表明:磨削表面中碳纤维损伤形式以阶梯状脆性断裂为主。对于编织方向平行于进给速度方向的纤维区域,脆性断裂尺寸、表面粗糙度受工艺参数影响较小;而对于编织方向垂直于进给速度方向的纤维区域,脆性断裂尺寸、表面粗糙度随进给速度增大无明显变化,但随磨削深度增大而明显增大。碳纤维区域亚表面损伤形式主要为阶梯状脆性断裂,而SiC区域亚表面损伤形式主要为脆性断裂及微裂纹,且损伤程度在实验参数范围内无明显差异。     

小直径砂轮超声振动磨削SiC陶瓷的表面质量研究

用小直径砂轮超声振动磨削和普通磨削加工SiC陶瓷零件,对比研究砂轮线速度、工件进给速度、磨削深度和超声振幅对其磨削表面质量的影响。结果表明:与普通磨削相比,超声振动磨削的磨粒轨迹相互交叉叠加,工件表面形貌更均匀,表面质量更好。由于超声振动时的磨粒划痕交叉会使磨粒产生空切削,因而降低了其磨削力,使磨削过程更加稳定。超声振动磨削的表面粗糙度和磨削力随砂轮线速度和超声振幅的增加而降低,随工件进给速度和磨削深度的减小而降低。且砂轮线速度、工件进给速度较小时,超声振动磨削的效果更明显。      

A study on optimum grinding factors for aspheric convex surface micro-lens using design of experiments

As the consumer market in the optics, electronics and aerospace industries grows, the demand for ultra-precision aspheric surface micro-lens increases. To enhance the precision and productivity of ultra-precision aspheric surface micro-lens, we present an ultra-precision grinding system and process for the aspheric surface micro-lens. In this paper, an ultra-precision grinding system for manufacturing the aspheric surface micro-lens was developed by considering the factors affecting the grinding surface roughness and profile accuracy. This paper deals with the mirror grinding of an aspheric surface micro-lens by resin-bonded diamond wheel and with the spherical lens of BK7. The optimization of grinding conditions with respect to ground surface roughness and profile accuracy is investigated by design of experiments.     

二维超声振动磨削纳米复相陶瓷的表面粗糙度研究

本文对纳米复相陶瓷材料进行了不同参数下的普通磨削和二维超声振动磨削的对比试验，研究了超声振动磨削对工件表面质量的影响，分析了不同的加工工艺参数及振动参数对加工工件表面粗糙度的影响，实验结果表明，在同样的切深条件下，超声振动磨削表面的沟槽浅而宽，可以得到比普通磨削加工粗糙度较小的加工表面，且在超声振动中砂轮作高频振动，砂轮不易堵塞，利于使用细粒度砂轮磨削；工件速度对二维超声振动磨削表面粗糙度影响很大，其值随着工件速度的增加而增大。二维超声振动磨削可以提高陶瓷材料的表面质量，并能有效地避免普通磨削下微裂纹的产生，因此它是磨削陶瓷的一种精密加工方法。     

Mirror surface grinding for brittle materials with in-process electrolytic dressing

Use of a diamond wheel with superabrasive is required for mirror-like surface grinding of brittle materials. However, conventional dressing methods cannot apply to the diamond wheel with superabrasive. Recently, an electrolytic dressing method was developed for use with a cast iron-bonded diamond wheel and superabrasive. This technique can replace lapping and polishing. Using electrolytic dressing, surface roughness of the workpiece was improved significantly, and the grinding force was very low and the continuity of the grinding force was also improved. The purpose of this study was to achieve mirror-like surface grinding of ferrite with electrolytic dressing of a metal-bonded diamond wheel. For application of ultraprecision grinding for brittle material, superabrasive, air spindle, and in-process electrolytic dressings were used. Additionally, the effects of pick current and pulse width on ground surface were investigated, and suitable dressing conditions for ferrite were determined.     

Predictive modeling of surface roughness in grinding

The surface roughness is a variable often used to describe the quality of ground surfaces as well as to evaluate the competitiveness of the overall grinding system. This paper presents the prediction of the arithmetic mean surface roughness based on a probabilistic undeformed chip thickness model. The model expresses the ground finish as a function of the wheel microstructure, the process kinematic conditions, and the material properties. The analysis includes a geometrical analysis of the grooves left on the surface by ideal conic grains. The material properties and the wheel microstructure are considered in the surface roughness prediction through the chip thickness model. A simple expression that relates the surface roughness with the chip thickness was found, which was verified using experimental data from cylindrical grinding.     

Ground surface integrity of granite by using dry electro-contact discharge dressing of #600 diamond grinding wheel

Dry electro-contact discharge (ECD) dressing of metal-bonded #600 diamond grinding wheel is proposed for grinding of various granites. As compared to mechanical GC dressing, Dry ECD dressing can not only protrude fine diamond grains from wheel metal-bond without any damage, but also eliminate bond-tail behind the protruded grain. The objective is to understand how the synthetic factors including granite structure, grinding parameters and dressing method influence the ground surface integrity of multi-crystal granite such as surface roughness and surface crack appearance in contrast to homogeneous optic glass. First a micron-scale indentation experiment was carried out to display the growth mechanism of micro-cracks on polished surface, then Dry ECD dressing and mechanical GC dressing were carried out in grinding experiment, respectively, finally surface roughness and micro-surface crack were investigated in connection with granite crystal size, work speed and dressing method. It is found that in almost all cases the multi-crystal granite has always worse ground surface than homogeneous optic glass even if grinding parameter is changed. Moreover, the improvement of ground surface for granite is more sensitive to grain protrusion feature than that for optic glass. Although it is very difficult to find out obvious relationship between surface roughness and grinding parameter such as work speed, it has a good correlation with granite structure such as granite crystal size: it decreases with the increase of the granite crystal size. It is concluded that Dry ECD dressing may more greatly improve the ground surface integrity of various granites than mechanical GC dressing.