碳化硅增强铝基复合材料的力学性能和断裂机制

研究了碳化硅颗粒(SiCp)尺寸对用粉末冶金法制备体积分数为15%的SiCp/2009铝基复合材料力学性能和断裂机制的影响.结果表明,复合材料的强度随着SiCp尺寸的增大而减小,塑性则随着颗粒的增大而增大.当SiCp尺寸为1.5μm时,SiCp/2009A1复合材料的断裂主要以界面处撕裂和基体材料的开裂为主;当SiCp尺寸为20 μm时,复合材料的断裂主要以SiCp断裂为主;当SiCp尺寸处于两者之间时,SiCp/2009A1复合材料界面处撕裂和SiCp断裂的共同作用决定复合材料的断裂.     

电磁离心铸造SiCP/Al复合材料励磁电压对不同粒度颗粒分布的影响

采用电磁离心铸造( EMCC) 工艺制备SiCP/ Al 复合材料, 实验了两种不同粒度的SiCP 颗粒增强Al 基体, 测定了不同励磁电压下颗粒在基体中的分布, 测试了不同粒度增强基体均匀分布的材料的硬度和耐磨性。结果发现电磁搅拌更容易使小粒度的颗粒分布均匀。励磁电压为100 V 时的颗粒分布比励磁电压为50 V 时的颗粒分布更均匀。均匀分布的小颗粒增强基体的复合材料的硬度和耐磨性有很大提高。      

碳化硼粒度对无压浸渗高体分铝基复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响

选用平均粒度为2μm和38μm的碳化硼颗粒,分别制备100%(质量分数) 38μm、20%(质量分数) 2. 0μm+80%(质量分数) 38μm和100%(质量分数) 2. 0μm的碳化硼预制体,以无压浸渗法制备三种高体分B_4C/Al复合材料,研究碳化硼颗粒对复合材料的物相组成、微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,三种复合材料均由Al、B_4C、Al_3BC、AlB_2和富Fe-Mn相组成。当增强相完全为大颗粒碳化硼时,复合材料内部碳化硼均匀分布于铝基体,此时界面反应程度较弱,界面产物AlB_2和Al_3BC呈随机分布的特征,且复合材料的硬度和抗弯强度分别为23. 2HRC和406 MPa。由于小颗粒碳化硼具有较高的比表面积,其与熔融状态的铝合金(以下简称"熔铝")实际接触面积较大,使得两者之间发生剧烈的界面反应。因此,当增强相中引入20%(质量分数)小颗粒碳化硼时,复合材料内铝基体消耗量增加,大颗粒碳化硼仍近乎均匀分布,颗粒间组织表现为剩余的细颗粒B_4C和铝均匀分布于界面产物内。由于初始增强相体积分数和陶瓷相界面产物含量均增加,复合材料的硬度提升至40. 02HRC,抗弯强度略有提升(425 MPa),但应变量有所降低。当增强相完全为小颗粒碳化硼时,剧烈的界面反应大量消耗铝合金基体,使得Al_3BC和AlB_2成为B_4C/Al复合材料的主要物相,微观组织呈现为剩余的小颗粒B_4C和铝均匀分布于陶瓷相基体内,复合材料硬度提升至56. 8HRC。然而,由于小颗粒碳化硼在高温烧结过程中存在封闭微孔缺陷且这些缺陷将保留于复合材料内,使得复合材料的弯曲强度降低至248 MPa。     

增强颗粒尺寸对B4C/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu复合材料微观组织及力学性能的影响

用真空热压法制备不同B₄C颗粒尺寸(7μm、14μm、20μm)的15%B₄C/Al-6.5Zn-2.8Mg-1.7Cu复合材料，研究了增强颗粒尺寸对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，在这三种复合材料中B₄C颗粒均匀分布，B₄C-Al界面反应较为轻微，未见明显的界面反应产物。三种复合材料基体中沉淀相的尺寸基本相同(约为5.5 nm)。B₄C颗粒的尺寸对复合材料力学性能有较大的影响。B₄C颗粒尺寸为7μm的复合材料性能最佳，屈服强度为648 MPa，抗拉强度为713 MPa，延伸率为3.3%。随着颗粒尺寸的增大复合材料的强度和延伸率均降低。对三种复合材料的强化机制和断裂机制的分析结果表明：小尺寸B₄C颗粒增强的复合材料强度较高，颗粒在变形过程中不易断裂，因此其塑性较好。     

SiC颗粒增强铝合金基复合材料断裂与强化机理

对SiC颗粒增强铝合金基复合材料的室温拉伸断裂与强化机理进行了研究。结果表明:该类材料的断裂包括基体韧断、界面脱开和增强体颗粒断裂三种方式,均属于MNG模式;该类复合材料的强化效果取决于基体强度与界面强度的匹配关系,当基体的屈服强度达到某一临界值时,通过添加增强体颗粒来强化材料是非常困难的。      

热处理过程中SiCP/2024Al复合材料的热应力分析

为研究热处理过程中SiCP/2024Al复合材料的热应力的变化规律,及热处理工艺对SiCP/2024Al复合材料热残余应力的影响,利用Marc有限元软件对淬火和冷热循环热处理过程中的SiCP/2024Al复合材料的热应力进行了数值模拟.研究结果表明:热处理过程中,颗粒和基体的界面附近会产生很大的热应力场,并且在SiC颗粒的尖角处产生热应力集中;经淬火处理后的SiCP/2024Al复合材料的热残余应力与基体的屈服强度接近,但经过冷热循环处理后的SiCP/2024Al复合材料中的热残余应力明显降低.     

激光增材制造镍基复合材料界面连接机制与断裂行为

基于颗粒增强镍基复合材料优异的结构/功能特性，在航空航天、核电军工和电子电工等领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文选用机械球磨混粉+激光选区熔化方法 (SLM)制备了碳化钨(WC)颗粒增强IN718复合材料(WC/IN718)，对复合材料内部异质界面连接机制、强化机制和断裂行为进行了分析。研究结果表明：随着WC颗粒含量的增加(0wt%～20wt%)，试件成形良好，WC颗粒均匀分布在基体内部，异质界面处无缺陷产生，界面处产生了贫碳的W₂C层和碳化物层，基体合金主要呈柱状晶生长。由于熔池内部能量密度分布不同，低温位置WC颗粒的断裂方式为先形成界面反应层后由热应力引起断裂，高温位置WC颗粒优先发生断裂，断裂成小尺寸颗粒，后与熔化的基体合金形成界面反应层，弥散分布在基体内部。随着WC颗粒含量的增加，复合材料的强度呈现升高的趋势，而断裂韧性降低，抗拉强度最高可达1 280 MPa，强化机制主要为载荷传递强化，断裂机制为WC颗粒的脆性断裂和基体合金的韧性断裂。     

包套热挤压SiCp/6066铝基复合材料断裂机制和强化机制的研究

采用包套热挤压工艺制备了不同体积分数SiC颗粒增强的6066铝基复合材料,结合其断口形貌及微观组织,分析了材料的断裂机制及抗拉强度和屈服强度随SiC增强颗粒体积分数变化的规律.结果表明,材料的断裂机制为颗粒与基体间的界面脱粘以及SiC团聚体的脆性开裂.当SiC颗粒的体积分数小于12%时,随着SiC颗粒增强相的增加,SiCp/6066铝基复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度增加.当SiC颗粒的体积分数大于12%时,材料的强度增加减缓或略有下降,其主要强化机制是位错强化和弥散强化.     

铁基复合材料碳化硅粒子混合尺寸增强作用机理

采用粉末冶金电流直加热动态热压烧结工艺,制备了混合尺寸粒子增强SiCp/Fe复合材料,研究了四种不同尺寸增强粒子的混合对铁基复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,合理地设计混合尺寸强化粒子利于提高铁基复合材料的力学性能,标称粒度为13μm与23μm的粒子组合,增强粒子体积含量10%时,小粒子与大粒子的最佳质量混合比为2∶1,而含量为20%时最佳为1:1。与13μm单尺寸颗粒增强SiCp/Fe复合材料相比,采用最佳比例混合尺寸粒子增强,10%SiCp/Fe复合材料的抗拉强度提高了9.7%,而与23μm单尺寸颗粒增强复合材料相比,其抗拉强度提高了38.3%。混合尺寸粒子优良的增强作用是由于提高了复合材料的相对密度,减少增强粒子间的直接接触,有利于载荷从基体向强化粒子传递。     

挤压铸造制备高体积含量SiCp/2024Al复合材料

采用干压成形将200μm与10μm的SiC颗粒按不同配比混合制得多孔陶瓷预制体,当粗、细颗粒质量比为8∶2时,预制体相对密度达到最大值75%。采用挤压铸造工艺制得陶瓷含量为75%的SiC/2024Al复合材料,研究了预制体氧化处理对复合材料力学性能的影响。未氧化处理的预制体经挤压铸造所得的复合材料抗弯强度达到288MPa,断裂韧性达到8.7MPa.m1/2;预制体经氧化处理后所得的复合材料的相对密度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性较未氧化处理的有所降低,但硬度变化不大,HRA约为70。复合材料失效破坏的主要机制是SiC大颗粒解理断裂和小颗粒与金属基体界面解离。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.