水解胶原蛋白的溶解性和乳化性研究

采用复合酶从皮边角余料中提取得到分子量分布在4.2×104～8.5×104的水解胶原蛋白样品,对其溶解性和乳化性进行了系统研究.结果发现,水解胶原蛋白的溶解度随pH值与等电点的差值的绝对值增加而增加,但即使等电点时,也高达91.4%;在低于20℃时,其溶解度随温度的升高而增大,在20～60℃内,其溶解度高达100%,故水解胶原蛋白水溶性好,使用酸度和温度范围宽.水解胶原蛋白的乳化能力和乳化稳定性都随其浓度增加而增大,但浓度越大,乳化能力和乳化稳定性增大幅度越小;酸、碱性溶液中水解胶原蛋白都有较高乳化能力和乳化稳定性,碱性环境的乳化能力略高于酸性环境,而乳化稳定性却在酸性环境中更高.在等电点附近,乳化能力和乳化稳定性最差;水解胶原蛋白的乳化能力和乳化稳定性先随NaCl浓度升高而增大,但当NaCl浓度达到一定值时,胶原蛋白的乳化能力和乳化稳定性又随NaCl浓度升高而减小.实验还发现浓度达5%以上时,溶液pH值,外加电解质的量对其乳化能力和乳化稳定性几乎无影响.     

水代法提取核桃油后蛋白粕溶解乳化特性研究

研究了水代法提取核桃油后蛋白粕的溶解度、乳化特性及其影响因素.结果表明在pH值5.0时,蛋白粕的溶解性和乳化性最差,在偏离pH值5.0的酸性环境及碱性环境中,其溶解性和乳化性明显提高;在60℃时核桃蛋白粕的溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性最好;在75℃以下,其溶解度随温度升高而增加.适当浓度的NaCl溶液可提高蛋白粕的溶解度和乳化性.     

兔皮胶原蛋白的加工特性

以兔皮胶原蛋白为原料,对其加工特性进行系统研究。结果表明,兔皮胶原蛋白具有较强的吸水性,达到14.89 m L/g;其在酸性环境中有很高的溶解性,在p H值为3时,溶解度最高,在碱性环境中溶解度降至50%左右;离子质量浓度对胶原蛋白的溶解度有明显影响,其在Na Cl质量浓度为0~2 g/100 m L时保持相对稳定,在Na Cl质量浓度由2 g/100 m L增加至4 g/100 m L过程中急剧下降,而Na Cl质量浓度大于4 g/100 m L后,胶原蛋白溶解度变化不再明显;当胶原蛋白的质量浓度小于1 g/100 m L时,兔皮胶原蛋白的乳化性随着胶原蛋白质量浓度的增加逐渐增加,但质量浓度超过1 g/100 m L时,乳化性降低,乳化稳定性随胶原蛋白质量浓度的变化呈现与乳化性相反的趋势;低质量浓度的胶原蛋白溶液在p H 3~6过程中,乳化性和乳化稳定性均呈下降趋势,随后,p H 6~9时乳化性和乳化稳定性缓慢增加后保持稳定;离子质量浓度在0.00~7.02 g/100 m L范围内,随离子质量浓度的增加,乳化性呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而乳化稳定性则呈现先增加随后保持稳定的趋势,在离子质量浓度为5.85 g/100 m L时,胶原蛋白的乳化性与乳化稳定性较好。     

榛子粉的主要成分和功能特性研究

从作用温度、酸度、Ca2+浓度等方面,测定了榛子粉的主要成分含量、榛子蛋白质等电点。就浓度、pH值、温度、离子强度等影响因素,测定了榛子粉的乳化性、乳化稳定性、吸油性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性、蛋白质溶解性。结果表明,榛子粉乳化性和乳化稳定性随其浓度增加而增大;NaCl浓度在0～0.4 mol/L,榛子粉的乳化性和乳化稳定性随离子浓度的增大而增大;榛子粉的吸油性随浓度的增大而增强,随温度的增高而增强;榛子粉的起泡能力及泡沫稳定性均随着浓度的增大而增强,起泡能力随离子强度、pH值的增大而增强,泡沫稳定性随离子强度的增大而减弱,在pH值为5时表现出最强的稳定性;榛子粉蛋白质在水中溶解度为159.20g/mL。     

羊皮胶原蛋白乳化性与乳化稳定性的研究

以实验室自制羊皮胶原蛋白为原料,利用柠檬酸和胃蛋白酶进行胶原蛋白的提取,并研究不同浓度、pH和电解质对胶原蛋白乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响。结果表明,所提取的胶原蛋白保持良好的结构,其乳化性随蛋白浓度增加而增大。在远离等电点时,有良好的乳化性;接近等电点pH=5时乳化性最差。在较低NaCl浓度范围内,NaCl的加入对乳化性有促进作用。乳化稳定性的变化较为复杂,有时与乳化性的变化相反,乳化性较差的点表现出了较好的乳化稳定性,反之亦然,建议综合考虑乳化性和乳化稳定性的变化获得最佳改性效果。     

苦杏仁蛋白溶解特性的研究

研究了苦杏仁分离蛋白的溶解特性。实验结果表明,温度为40℃时,苦杏仁分离蛋白溶解度最大;当温度在20～40℃时,溶解度随温度的升高而增加;当温度在40～80℃时,溶解度则随着温度的升高而降低。苦杏仁分离蛋白的等电点在4.5左右,当pH在1～4.5时,溶解度随pH的升高而降低;而pH在4.5时,溶解度最小;当pH在4.5～7时,溶解度则随pH的升高而增加。苦杏仁分离蛋白在0～1mol/L的NaCl或0～0.8mol/L的KCl中,溶解度随盐浓度的增大而增大;当NaCl浓度大于1mol/L或KCl浓度大于0.8mol/L时,溶解度则随盐浓度的增大而降低。CaCl2、MgCl2或FeCl3的浓度在0～1.2mol/L的范围内,苦杏仁分离蛋白的溶解度随盐浓度升高而降低。     

反胶团萃取法制备的葡萄皮蛋白质的功能特性研究

以葡萄酒下脚料中葡萄皮为原料,采用反胶团萃取分离得到葡萄皮蛋白质,研究了pH、NaCl浓度、蛋白质质量浓度和温度对提取的葡萄皮蛋白质功能特性影响。结果表明:在等电点时,蛋白质起泡稳定性达到最大值29%,远离等电点时,蛋白质具有良好的吸水性、溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性、黏度;一定范围的NaCl浓度和蛋白质质量浓度对葡萄皮蛋白质的功能性质起正效应。温度在20～40℃范围内,葡萄皮蛋白质的吸水性、溶解度、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性随温度升高而增加,而起泡性及起泡稳定性在50℃时达到最大值,黏度始终与温度变化成负相关。     

大豆分离蛋白乳化性的研究

采用蛋白质乳化容量电导法,对不同浓度、ＰＨ和酶水解条件下大豆分离蛋白乳化容量和乳化稳定性进行测定,结果表明：大豆蛋白的乳化性在低密度时随浓度上升而增加,浓度达到６％以后趋于稳定;等电点时（ＰＨ４．５）,乳化性最差,偏离等电点后尤其在偏碱性条件下,乳化性明显增加,酶水解后,乳化性变化产大,水解度１７％时,乳化性最佳。     

pH对大豆7S、11S球蛋白功能特性影响

通过pH对大豆7S、11S球蛋白影响进行比较和分析,结果表明,随pH变化,大豆7S、11S球蛋白溶解度和乳化性变化趋势相同,即在等电点处值最小,偏离等电点区域则逐渐增大;且起泡性和起泡稳定性随pH升高呈上升趋势;而乳化稳定性则随pH升高呈下降趋势。     

马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白的功能特性

以碱提酸沉法制备的马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白为原料,分别考察了pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白功能特性（溶解性、持水能力、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性）的影响。结果表明,pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白的功能特性产生不同程度的影响。在等电点（pH 4.0）时,马铃薯蛋白表现出最低的溶解性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性及起泡性,而泡沫稳定性最好。在较低NaCl浓度（＜0.2 mol/L）时,蛋白溶解性、持水能力、乳化性和乳化稳定性随NaCl浓度的增加而提高,而高浓度的NaCl（＞0.2 mol/L）对上述性质具有抑制作用;蛋白的起泡性和泡沫稳定性在NaCl浓度为0.4 mol/L时具有最大值。在4～80 ℃范围内,蛋白质的各项功能性质随温度的升高均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且溶解性、持水性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性在40 ℃时最佳,乳化性在60 ℃最佳。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.