基于响应面方法圆柱形喷嘴结构优化研究

喷嘴是高压水射流的核心工作部件,其几何结构特征直接影响射流质量及工作效率。利用CFD方法对当前广泛应用的圆柱形喷嘴内流场进行研究,以最大出口速度作为目标变量,采用响应面方法优化喷嘴结构。研究结果表明:圆柱形喷嘴轴心速度与压力呈现近似对偶特性。喷嘴出口直径、喷嘴出口圆柱段长度及喷嘴收缩角对喷嘴出口速度有显著影响,喷嘴入口圆柱段长度及入口直径对出口速度影响较小。其中,喷嘴出口圆柱段长度与出口速度近似呈线性关系,而出口直径及喷嘴收缩角与出口速度呈抛物线关系。影响喷嘴压降的因素为喷嘴入口及出口直径,而其他因素如喷嘴出口圆柱段长度、入口圆柱段长度及收缩角对压降的影响则可以忽略。     

基于响应面方法圆柱形喷嘴结构优化研究

喷嘴是高压水射流的核心工作部件,其几何结构特征直接影响射流质量及工作效率。利用CFD方法对当前广泛应用的圆柱形喷嘴内流场进行研究,以最大出口速度作为目标变量,采用响应面方法优化喷嘴结构。研究结果表明：圆柱形喷嘴轴心速度与压力呈现近似对偶特性。喷嘴出口直径、喷嘴出口圆柱段长度及喷嘴收缩角对喷嘴出口速度有显著影响,喷嘴入口圆柱段长度及入口直径对出口速度影响较小。其中,喷嘴出口圆柱段长度与出口速度近似呈线性关系,而出口直径及喷嘴收缩角与出口速度呈抛物线关系。影响喷嘴压降的因素为喷嘴入口及出口直径,而其他因素如喷嘴出口圆柱段长度、入口圆柱段长度及收缩角对压降的影响则可以忽略。     

空化射流角型喷嘴内流场的数值模拟

建立了角型喷嘴物理模型。基于FLUENT软件,采用混合模型、空化模型和RNG k-ε紊流模型对空化射流喷嘴内流场进行数值模拟。以径向线上蒸汽体积分数分布、轴线上蒸汽体积分数分布和速度分布为判断角型喷嘴产生的空化射流空化程度的依据,分析圆柱段直径、入口压力、出口压力对射流空化程度的影响规律。模拟结果表明:圆柱段直径的最佳初始值为1 mm;增大入口压力可以提高射流空化程度,但随着出口压力的增大,又会抑制喷嘴内空化的初生并降低出口速度,不利于射流空化程度的提高。     

几何结构参数对磨料水射流喷嘴磨损规律影响的模拟分析

建立了前混合磨料水射流喷嘴物理模型。基于FLUENT软件,采用颗粒轨道模型、Grant弹性恢复系数和E/CRC磨损模型对磨料水射流喷嘴内的磨损特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明:当喷嘴收缩角为20°以上时,喷嘴磨损呈现两个严重磨损区,分别在喷嘴圆柱段入口处前较短距离范围内和喷嘴圆柱段出口处前较短距离范围内;随着喷嘴收缩角的增大,磨料颗粒与喷嘴圆柱段壁面碰撞次数和速度增加,同时随着喷嘴长径比的增大,喷嘴圆柱段壁面磨损速率整体增加,严重磨损区范围扩大,结果均使喷嘴圆柱段的磨损加剧。以喷嘴壁面磨损速率的面积加权平均积分表征喷嘴整体的磨损程度。随着收缩角和长径比的增大,喷嘴壁面磨损速率的面积加权平均积分增大,喷嘴的磨损整体而言越严重。因此,从减小喷嘴磨损的角度而言,喷嘴的收缩角和长径比宜取小值。     

空气射流喷嘴结构优化与破拱试验研究

为快速有效冲击破坏料仓出口上方形成的料拱,设计出一种能形成高速空气射流的收缩-扩张喷嘴。为探究喷嘴结构参数对空气射流速度的影响,采用正交试验与CFD数值模拟相结合的方法,优选出收缩段锥度60°、喉部直径2 mm、入口直径12 mm的喷嘴,并对其进行射流速度测试,测试结果与数值模拟结果的平均相对误差为4.8%。最后通过实验验证了空气射流冲击流化结拱粉体的有效性和快速性,并利用Fluent分析了射流冲击渗透粉体的区域,模拟结果与实验结果一致,揭示了空气射流与粉体颗粒相互作用的过程机制,为料仓破拱时合理布置射流喷嘴提供理论指导。     

水射流喷嘴内表面形状对切割性能的影响研究

磨料水射流在喷嘴中运动并得到加速,喷嘴内表面形状对射流影响显著。通过仿真与试验比较圆柱形、圆锥形、锥直形和流线形4种喷嘴的切割性能,结果表明:圆柱形喷嘴射流加速过程短,衰减快,切割效果差;圆锥形喷嘴射流加速过程长,衰减过程缓慢,有较长的射流核心段,具有一定的应用价值;锥直形、流线形两种喷嘴的加速过程与衰减过程无显著差异,射流核心段较长,实际切割能力并没有显著差别;在锥直形喷嘴中,出口圆柱段喷嘴长径比为3～4较合适。     

周向引入旋流喷嘴参数优化的仿真和实验研究

周向引入旋流喷嘴能够有效提高喷嘴内部的液体流速和外流场的雾化效果。针对影响旋流喷嘴的关键参数(射流管直径、喷嘴出口直径、射流水压),分别利用流体动力学软件仿真和实验测试研究了旋流喷嘴内外流场。结果表明:旋流喷嘴上部中心区域压力较低,旋流提高了喷嘴内部水流的速度;在旋流喷嘴内部,随着射流管直径的增大,喷嘴轴线的速率会随之增加,喷嘴内部射流速度均沿着轴线方向表现出单调增加的变化规律;雾化粒度D50随着射流水压和射流管直径的增加而减小;雾化粒度D50随喷嘴出口直径的增加均表现出单调增加的变化。确定最佳喷嘴出口直径为3 mm,射流管直径为4 mm。     

高压水射流切割喷嘴的结构设计和参数优化数值模拟研究

应用FLUENT软件对喷嘴的内外部流场进行数值模拟研究,并对影响喷嘴出口速度和动压的4个主要结构参数进行正交试验,模拟研究结果得出适用于切割的喷嘴结构和优化的结构参数.研究表明:喷嘴的收缩角对喷嘴的性能影响最大,喷嘴出口水平过渡段也是一个重要的影响因素.     

纯高压水射流除锈喷嘴的数值模拟及优化试验研究

利用FLUENT对3种目前常用于工业管道内壁高压水射流除锈的锥形、圆柱形和锥直形喷嘴的水射流流场进行数值模拟分析,然后对射流流场特性最好的喷嘴型式采用正交试验得出其最佳结构尺寸。结果表明:锥直型喷嘴的水射流流场特性最好,流体速度在喷嘴收缩段迅速增加,在水平过渡段出现等速流核区,在半径方向上的径向速度无明显波动,更利于除锈;喷嘴锥直形长度L为17 mm,水平过渡段长度l为6 mm,喷嘴直径d为1 mm,收缩角α为16°除锈效果最优。     

喷嘴直径对水射流切割性能影响的实验研究

水射流磨料喷嘴是磨料颗粒加速的关键部位,喷嘴直径对射流有重要影响.通过实验研究了喷嘴直径与射流切割性能的关系.研究结果表明:(1)试件的切口深度和切口宽度随喷嘴直径的减小基本上呈线性减小;(2)同一压力下,减小喷嘴直径会降低射流的切割比能耗;(3)试件在射流移动方向的直线度及切13角的大小均与喷嘴直径无关.在相同压力下,喷嘴直径减少使射流穿透能力降低,从而使切割质量下降;(4)从能耗、节约被加工材料、切割效率和设备投资等多方面因素考虑,对于普通材料切割的喷嘴直径较佳选择为φ0.6～1.0 mm,由于喷嘴直径小于?0.2mm时射流切割能力显著降低,因此不宜进行?0.2mm以下的磨料射流切割.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.