高效液相色谱法测定磷脂软胶囊中磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰乙醇胺的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时检测磷脂软胶囊中磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidyl cholines, PC),磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidyl ethanolamine, PE),磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI)3种组分的含量。方法样品用甲醇超声提取后,经Bridge?HILIC色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5μm)分离,以0.9 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃;检测波长为205 nm,外标法定量。结果磷脂酰胆碱,磷脂酰乙醇胺,磷脂酰肌醇在浓度0.025～0.250mg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限分为0.300～1.386 mg/g,定量限为1.002～4.624 mg/g,加标回收率分别为90%～105%,相对标准偏差为1.0%～4.0%。结论该方法高效,便捷,准确度高,适用于磷脂软胶囊中3种磷脂成分的同时检测。     

油菜、菊花和荷花蜂花粉中磷脂的色谱分析

以油菜、菊花、荷花蜂花粉为原料,采用薄层层析法(thin layer chromatography,TLC)法分离纯化蜂花粉中的磷脂,并用高效液相色谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法测定磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、脑磷脂(PE)、卵磷脂(PC)及溶血卵磷脂(LPC)的含量。结果表明：3种蜂花粉中总磷脂含量为1.19～3.98g/100g,3种花粉存在极显著差异(P＜0.01);PC是蜂花粉磷脂的主要成分,占总磷脂的34.30%～59.69%;在油菜蜂花粉中检测到PI、PS、PE、PC、LPC,菊花蜂花粉未测出PI,荷花蜂花粉未测出PI、LPC。结论：油菜蜂花粉中磷脂种类最丰富、总含量最高,是花粉磷脂的较好来源。     

高效液相色谱法测定大豆磷脂类保健食品中的磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇

目的建立高效液相色谱检测法测定大豆磷脂类保健食品中磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholines,PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine, PE)、磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI)含量的方法。方法大豆磷脂类保健食品试样经正己烷:异丙醇(1:1, V:V)提取,经氨基柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)分离,以流动相为无水乙醇-乙腈-水(50:40:10, V:V:V)为流动相等度洗脱,流速为0.4 mL/min,检测波长为205 nm,外标法定量。结果磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999;检出限分别为1.3、5.0、1.0 mg/g,加标回收率分别为95.5%、99.5%、94.9%,精密度均为0.3%。结论本方法准确度高、重复性好,适用于保健食品中磷酯类物质含量的测定。     

缩醛磷脂酰胆碱和缩醛磷脂酰乙醇胺的制备及其对氧自由基的清除作用

为探索猪心脏中缩醛磷脂酰胆碱(plas-PC)和缩醛磷脂酰乙醇胺(plas-PE)的制备方法并评价其对氧自由基的清除能力,以猪心脏为原料,经总磷脂提取、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)和磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)柱层析分离、碱水解制备缩醛磷脂、硅酸柱层析等过程,研究了缩醛磷脂酰胆碱和缩醛磷脂酰乙醇胺的制备方法,并采用超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基抑制法评价了其抗氧化活性.结果表明,在优化层析条件下,获得的PC纯度为93.5%,产率为36.3%;PE的纯度为91.6%,产率为18.5%.以硅酸为介质进行分步洗脱,获得的plas-PC和plas-PE的纯度为90.2%和92.5%,含磷量为1.67mg/mL和2.18mg/mL,基于总磷脂的产率为3.3%和4.3%.10.0mg/mL plas-PE和plas-PC对超氧阴离子自由基及羟自由基抑制率分别为46.10%、39.11%和33.39%、31.01%.     

柱层析法制备高纯磷脂酰胆碱

对三氧化二铝柱层析法富集大豆磷脂酰胆碱(PC)过程中产生的溶血磷脂的分离及分析进行了探讨,用高效液相色谱法对PC进行了定性和定量分析。食品级大豆浓缩磷脂经丙酮脱油、乙醇萃取后,进行三氧化二铝柱层析,经95%乙醇洗脱,制备高纯磷脂酰胆碱,同时实现了柱洗脱中间产物溶血磷脂与PC的分离,所得产品中PC纯度接近100%。     

响应面法优化醇相体系制备高纯甘油磷脂酰肌醇的研究

在醇相体系中研究了甲醇钠催化磷脂酰肌醇(Phosphtidylinositol,PI)制备甘油磷脂酰肌醇(Glycerylplaosphoinositol,GPI)的效果。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面设计软件对反应条件进行了优化,得到最佳反应条件为:反应温度35℃,反应时间2.59-h,催化剂添加量3.50 mL,料液比1:2.22(m/V),在此条件下,PI转化率和GPI得率分别为92.16%和84.31%。经过树脂柱色谱和硅胶柱色谱纯化后,GPI的纯度和回收率可达到98.71%和72.10%,为规模化制备GPI提供了数据支撑和技术支持。     

大豆磷脂酰肌醇的提取工艺研究

为探究溶剂分提法提取较高纯度的磷脂酰肌醇(PI),以提取PC后的大豆粉末磷脂为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,进行响应面优化实验,以PI含量为指标,确定了以碱性乙醇为溶剂提取磷脂酰肌醇的最佳工艺条件:温度为40℃、液料比为20∶1、碱性乙醇氨水浓度为2.60mL 25%氨水/100mL无水乙醇、时间50min、提取两次。在此条件下,磷脂酰肌醇的纯度为58.86%,得率为70.14%。     

直接进样HPLC-ELSD法测定花生中磷脂含量

建立了直接进样高效液相色谱-蒸发光检测器(HPLC-ELSD)法测定花生中磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)和磷脂酸(PA)的方法。采用改良Folch方法提取样品总脂肪,然后将提取出的总脂肪直接溶于流动相进行液相色谱分析,以L-Si型正相硅胶色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为固定相,以正己烷-异丙醇(体积比2∶3)为流动相A,正己烷-异丙醇-25 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(体积比3.6∶5.4∶1)为流动相B进行二元梯度洗脱,蒸发光检测器检测。PC、PE、PI和PA 4种磷脂色谱峰面积与其质量浓度的线性相关系数(R2)大于0.995,4种磷脂的平均回收率在93.59%108.57%之间,RSD均小于10%。该方法具有重现性好、稳定性高、前处理简单的特点,可应用于磷脂的分离检测。     

无水乙醇萃取联合氧化铝柱层析制备高纯磷脂酰胆碱

以大豆粉末磷脂为原料,采用无水乙醇萃取和氧化铝柱色谱相结合的技术,研究了高纯度磷脂酰胆碱的制备方法。乙醇萃取后磷脂酰胆碱的纯度为62.00%,得率为31.94%。主要考察了柱层析过程中的固定相、洗脱液浓度、上样量、料液比及洗脱液流速对分离效果的影响。结果表明：当固定相为100～200 目三氧化二铝、洗脱液为90%乙醇、上样量为1 g/30 g、料液比为1∶12（g/mL）、洗脱液流速为3.0 mL/min时,磷脂酰胆碱的纯度可达到94.52%,回收率为83.71%。该研究结果为进一步探讨工业化制备磷脂酰胆碱的研究提供了技术支持和数据支撑。     

大豆磷脂中PC、PE、PI测定方法的研究

为准确快速地对大豆磷脂中的主要成分磷脂酰胆碱（PC）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）、磷脂酰肌醇（PI）进行定量分析,对分析柱、流动相、检测波长进行了选择与优化,最终建立了以Lichrosorb Si-60为分析柱,205nm波长下,以V（正己烷）：V（异丙醇）：V（1％乙酸）=8：8：1为流动相的高效液相色谱测定法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.