胶体钯基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中铅、镉

建立了胶体钯基体改进剂用于石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中铅、镉的方法。方法采用食盐直接溶解后,以胶体钯作为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定。在铅浓度为0~40μg/L、镉浓度为0~4μg/L的相关系数均0.999,铅的检出限为0.3μg/L,样品加标回收率为95.2~101.8%;镉的检出限为0.1μg/L,样品加标回收率为91.0~103.3%,相对标准偏差均5%。该方法准确、灵敏、简便,满足食盐中铅、镉的测定。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定高盐食品中的铅及其干扰消除的研究

目的通过研究高盐食品中石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅的基体干扰模式,探讨各种基体改进剂、升温程序和校正模式对减少或消除氯化钠干扰的效果与能力,建立了石墨炉原子吸收法测定高盐食品中铅的方法。方法采用微波消解、湿法消解、高压罐消解和直接稀释法4种前处理方式,硝酸钯-磷酸二氢铵为混合基体改进剂,标准加入法测定高盐食品中铅含量。结果选择283.3 nm为测定波长,磷酸二氢铵-硝酸钯作为基体改进剂,标准加入法为校正模式,在盐度2.2%以下可消除氯化钠的基体干扰。该方法的线性范围为1.8~40.0μg/L,当称样量为0.5 g,定容量为10 ml时,定量限为0.036 mg/kg。结论在较高的盐度中,该方法可消除石墨炉原子吸收测定食品中铅的基体干扰,提高了分析结果的准确性和可靠性。本研究为国标的修订与整合做好了技术储备。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定食品污染物中铅镉的含量

目的探讨微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定食品污染物铅镉的含量。方法采用微波消解技术,在阶梯升高温度和加热功率条件下,用硝酸和过氧化氢彻底消解样品,消解后的样品用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅镉。结果铅浓度在0～20.0μg/L、镉浓度在0～10.0μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数铅r=0.9995,镉r=0.9997;最低检出限铅为5.0μg/kg,镉为0.10μg/kg;相对标准偏差铅5.4%,镉7.8%;回收率铅镉都在90.0%～105.0%之间。检测4类食品240份样品,其中大米(面粉)、猪肝(猪肾)、水产品、干食用菌铅合格率分别为86.5%、77.5%、81.5%、87.5%,镉合格率分别为82.0%、76.5%、90.0%、88.0%。结论该方法能够满足食品污染物中铅镉的分析要求。     

不同基体改进剂对于石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水产干制品中镉的影响

目的寻找最优基体改进剂用于石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry,GFAAS)测定水产干制品中痕量镉。方法采用微波消解,塞曼效应扣除背景干扰,分别以不同浓度硝酸铵、磷酸二氢铵、钯、氧化镧和EDTA为基体改进剂,标准曲线法测定水产干制品中镉含量。结果硝酸铵作基体改进剂,可最有效地消除该类食品中的基体干扰,且灵敏度较高。测定的最佳条件为:硝酸铵浓度5 g/L,灰化温度700℃,原子化温度1500℃,测定波长228.8 nm。在0~6μg/L浓度范围内,镉浓度与其吸光度呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9995,检出限为2μg/kg,加标回收率在93%~102%之间,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为2.38%。结论在水产干制品中含盐量较高的情况下,以5 g/L硝酸铵为基体改进剂可较为有效地消除GFAAS测镉的基体干扰,从而使分析结果更加准确可靠。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定皮革制品及纺织品中痕量镉

研究建立了微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定皮革制品及纺织品中痕量镉的检验方法。样品经微波消解后,以硝酸镍为基体改进剂,试验了石墨炉原子吸收法测定镉的最佳仪器条件。在选定的最优测试条件下,镉的检出限为0.025μg/L,样品加标回收率为96.5%～105.5%,相对标准偏差小于4.4%。用于皮革制品及纺织品中痕量镉的测定,结果满意。     

微波消解-GF-AAS测定荸荠及荸荠皮中的铅和镉

采用微波消解样品,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定荸荠及荸荠皮中铅和镉的含量。选定最佳的样品处理方法,并优化微波消解条件和仪器测定条件,对各种最佳分析条件进行了探讨和验证。研究表明,铅、镉的检出限分别为0.171、0.026μg/L;线性范围分别为0~60μg/L、0~4.0μg/L;加标回收率分别为94.0%~101.0%、92.0%~106.0%;RSD分别为4.2%、3.7%。用标准物质进行对照,其测定值均在给定的标准值范围内。     

高压消解—石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定贝类中镉含量的条件优化

建立了高压消解—石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定贝类中镉含量的方法,研究对比几种基体改进剂对海水贝肉中镉原子吸光值的影响,优化了程序升温中灰化及原子化温度。实验结果:采用2 g/L的硝酸钯溶液作为基体改进剂,选择灰化温度650℃,原子化温度1 400℃,方法检出限0.091μg/kg,样品加标回收率90.3%~104.0%,相对标准偏差小于3.5%。试验结果表明该方法线性关系好,检出限、准确度和精密度均满足贝类样品的测定要求。     

石墨炉原子吸收法快速测定血铅的研究

目的 建立一种新的石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅的快速方法.方法 采用含40 ml/L硝酸与6 ml/L过氧化氢的混合提取液,脱去全血中的蛋白,以硝酸钯(1 g/L)为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接上机测定.结果 线性范围0～ l00μg/L,最低检出限4μg/L,加标回收率88.1％～ 110.3％,相对标准偏差为(RSD) 3.4％ ～9.1％.结论 该方法已成功应用于全血样品的铅测定,结果满意.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定酱油中铅方法改进

利用微波消解对酱油进行处理,以硝酸钯和磷酸二氢铵作为基体改进剂,利用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行测定。在实验条件下,方法线性范围为0~20μg/L,相关系数在0.999以上,方法检出限为1.36μg/kg,方法精密度RSD为1.80%~2.18%,加标回收率为95%~101%。     

石墨炉原子吸收法快速测定血铅的研究（20130204修改稿）

摘 要：建立一种新的石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅的快速方法。本文采用含40 ml/ L硝酸与6 ml/ L过氧化氢的混合提取液,脱去全血中的蛋白,以硝酸钯（1g/L）为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接上机测定。方法的线性范围为0~100 µg/ L,最低检出限为4 µg/ L,加标回收率为88.1 %～110.3 %,相对标准偏差为(RSD)为3.4 %～9.1 %。方法已成功应用于全血样品的铅测定,结果令人满意. 关键词：石墨炉原子吸收法;全血;铅     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.